Numerical Components of English and German Phraseological Units as a Reflection of Language and National Mentality Interaction.

The German expression Die böseSieben (literally: The Angry seven) is fairly unusual for the Russian culture. It is translated as Fury (Megaera) that allegorically means furious woman and accordingly reflexes malignance, violence. The notion Fury dates back to the Greek mythology, according to which Furies (for Greeks) are mythological goddesses of revenge — three sisters: Alekto, Megera, Tisifona— the children of Night and Aheron (turned to the river across which Heron carries souls of the departed to the infernal regions [69]). Thus, the number «Seven» in the phraseological unit «Die böseSieben» correlates with the seven goddesses of revenge.2.2.7 The Numerals “Acht” and “Neun “ in Phraseological UnitsThe numerical phraseological unit Den Hut auf halbAcht/ Zehnhaben/ aufsetzen (literally to put on a hat on a half past seven, etc.) [59] is interesting from the point of linguistic and cultural analysis. In the process of decoding semantic content of the given phraseological units several aspects of linguistic and cultural character are singles out: on the onehand, the PhU under consideration deals with extremely accurate (typically German) observing and accordingly, with the specific position of a hat on the head of a man (on a half past seven, eight, etc.) and, on the other hand, a negative valuation of the carelessly put that may be revealed («the hat is put slantwise»), that has nothing in common with the external image of the German: the appearance of the German to be irreproachable and neat.The etymology of this phraseological unit can also correlate with the social status of a man, as well as with the etiquette accepted in the German society. Thus, «in the process of the cultural interpretation the image of the phraseological unit correlates with the different layers of culture, that «interweave» into the phraseological unit and form its second semantics — the cultural one». The following PhU: die Haareliegen auf halbAcht (literally «the hair are put on a half past seven»), "Halb-Acht-Stellung" («the position (situation) is on a half past seven»), die Hose auf halbachttragen (lit. «to wear trousers on a half past seven») also correlate with the given above expressions. That is identified with the subculture of German teenagers to wear trousers at half-mast [75].Number, in the S.L. Katrechko opinion, has symbolically-ideal character of being [20]. According to «the thesis of Haidegger about ingenuously a priori character of the mathematical: ««τάμαθήματα» means … the thing that a man knows beforehand while examining the matter and appealing to the things: there is fleshliness in bodies, there is vegetation in vegetables … This known, i.e. mathematical, also includes the numbers together with the aforesaid. Having found three apples on the table, we [ingenuously] get to know, that they are three» [20]. The symbolical meaning is primary, because along with the numerical content, the number possesses the culturally-typical semantics, the recreation of the model of the world, its principles and structures, specificity of mentality [41, p.24].There is an idiom, containing the numeral “neun” which is of great interest for our research. It is the exclamatory expression ach, du grüneNeune! (literally: Oh you green nine!)objectifying some unpleasant astonishment. There are only a few interpretations of the phraseological unit being analyzed. In accordance with the first one the meaning of the PhU used to express (unpleasant) astonishment or fear, is gnosiologically connected with transferring French playing cards to the German culture. The nine of spades in German playing cards is depicted as «leaf», «grass» («Gras-Neun») («Grassy nine»). In laying out playing cards the nine of spades traditionally does not signify anything good (great trouble, diseases, property loss, etc.). The negative feature of the nine of spades, symbolically depicted by the image of a small green leaf or grass on its upper and lower surfaces forms the basis for the formation of the initial meaning of the phraseological unit ach, du grüneNeune! (Oh, you green nine!). Another interpretation is connected with the fact that the expression „GrüneNeune“ («The green nine») epistemologically correlates with the France Valner Theatre (das Wallner-Theater) in Berlin (Blushnemstrasse Street, 9) and its main entrance on the so-called green road (am GrünenWeg). The theatre is widely known for its satirical and sharp staging.2.2.8 The Numeral “Zehn” and Larger Numerals in Phraseological UnitsThe numeral “zehn” is a part of idiom, describing something consisting of ten part or ten objects. For example:sich alle zehn Finger lecken nach etwas— lit.,to lick all the ten fingers.We say that, when we describe something very tasty and the metaphorical shift here is rather clear.There are several idioms containing the numeral “Dutzend“. As we already have noticed, the numeral „twelve“(or Dutzend / dozen) is a very important numeral in the European culture. There are several reasons for that. Historically,unitsoftimein manycivilizationsare counted in twelves (i.e. they are duodecimal). Also there are twelve signs of thezodiac, twelve months in a year, and theBabylonians had twelve hours in a day.In the idioms the numeral 12 — Dutzend represent the idea of a large number of objects. For example:davongehenzwölf auf einDutzend— lit., twelve in the dozen, we say that about something very widespread and common.There are larger numerals that play a notisable role in the German phraseology, among them the numeral „hundert“. We can find it in a number of idioms. Considerable amount of numerical phraseological units, including PhUs with this numeral, can be singled out as culturally marked. For example, phraseological unit j-d kommt auf hundert (literally: somebody goes to hundred) in the meaning: «somebody flares up» is more often used as a means of objectivization of ANGER (fury), and has several ontologically connected phraseological synonyms. Also this numeral can represent the idea of “completeness”, which is connected to the idea of a round number, percentage, etc. This meaning (“completeness”) can be represented through the image of something very close to hundred:auf neunundneunzig sein— nearly the whole or the whole.There are several idioms with the numeral “tausend”. It has a meaning |an indefinitely large number”, but also it can represent different metaphorical connotations. For example:voll wie tausend Mann sein — lit., to be as full as thousands of men, it means “to be drunk”;ei der Tausend!— a sign of surprise;nach dem Essen sollst du ruh’n oder tausend Schritte tun—(you should rest or work).Thus, the analysis of numeric phraseological units totally confirms the significance of the phenomenon «Number» for the German national concept tosphere. The desire of the Germans to give exact quantitative definition to everything, to measure and to express everything using definitely precise, verified data is broadly reflected on the phraseological structure of the German language. The common numerical system having covered all the cultures of the world was realized (is being realized) differently in the linguistic and cultural space of different languages, including their phraseological systems, that was illustrated by the material of numerical phraseological units of the German language. Culturally marked phraseological units in the quantitative correlation, to a certain degree, exceed the ones with the universal features.We have already pointed out that among the English idioms containing the numerals the phraseological unities prevail. Same we can say about the German idioms, but in the most cases the German idioms are based on the metaphorical shift which is rather close to the reality. We can easily find the comparison which gave life to the metaphor used in the idiom. So the German phraseological unities in most cases are more specific, more particular than the English phraseological unities.2.3 A Comparative Analysis of English and German PU with Numerical ComponentsNow we should compare our data on English and German PhUs with numerical components. We represent our data in several tables to make our results more vivid.We show in these tables only the most frequent numerals that we can find in PhUs (from 1 to 10, plus large numerals, such as 100, 1000).It is rather obvious and predictable, that the most frequent numeral turn to be “one” in English, though “eins” in German is considerably less frequent.We have analysed 27 PhUs with numeral “one” and 10 PhUs with numeral “eins” (see Appendices I and II)Table2.1Frequency of the usage of the numerals “one” and “eins” in PhULanguageMeaningEnglishGermansingle / uniqueness23small number21Unity52Shortage31very fast3-oppose to two / more31oppose to nothing4-beginning of the sequence12one vs. (an)other4-We can assume that the numeral “one” is more frequent in English, than in German, beside the additional meanings of the English numerals are more variable. There are several meanings that are not represented in German. The most frequent meaning is “unity” for “one” and “single / uniqueness” for “eins”. On the other hand, the Appendix II shows us that the numeral “zwei” is rather frequent in German idioms. We have found 23 examples of PhUs with this numeral; and this result is larger than in English (only 16). Table 2.2Frequency of the usage of the numerals “two” and “zwei” in PhULanguagemeaningEnglishGermanduality as unity25 Table 2.2, cont.very fast22two parts / division into two parts56duality / duality as an opposition to unity78Though the numeral “zwei” in more frequent in the German idioms the main and most widespread meaning is the same for both languages. Besides, the table clearly shows us that the meaning “duality as unity” is two times more frequent in German than in English.The difference between the numerals “drei” (16) and “three” (11) is smaller, than between “drei” and “two”. Also we can see that the meanings of this numeral vary in both languages. “Three” is larger than “one” or “two”, and this allows language more freedom in the figurative reconsideration of the world of numbers.Table 2.3Frequency of the usage of the numerals “three” and “drei” in PhULanguageMeaningEnglishGermanindefinitely large number-5too much for something31three parts46“two plus one”11small amount23long time / large amount11“Three” and “drei” can both mean “small amount” and “large amount” (or “indefinitely large number”) in different PhUs. This controversy can be explained by the controversy of any part of the folklore, the popular language. Proverbs are controversial, idioms are controversial, etc.From the numeral “four” / “vier” we can observe the decrease of the PhUs with the numerical components, but still there are variable meanings in both languages; though the most frequent meaning from this numeral becomes “object consisting of (so many) parts” or “(so many) objects”.Table 2.4Frequency of the usage of the numerals “four” and “vier” in PhUlanguagemeaningEnglishGermanCompleteness2-four parts74“Five” / “fünf” add a meaning “spare part” in both languages. It derives from the idea of the four wheels or four legs of the animal. So this meaning reflects not the linguacultural specific of any of the two languages, but the specific of our world in general.Table 2.5Frequency of the usage of the numerals “five” and “fünf” in PhUlanguagemeaningEnglishGermanfive parts65small amount12spare part11“Six” / “sechs” again show us, how controversial any language can be. In the previous table (“five”) we can find the meaning “small amount” (in both languages), and yet the numeral “six” / “sechs”, which is only one more than “five” can have a meaning “large amount” in German. This controversy is connected to the fact that the meaning “small amount” for the numeral “five” derived recently (at least comparatively recently) and the meaning “large amount” is not new for the language: numbers over “two” often can have this meaning in the ancient cultures and in the ancient idioms.Table 2.6Frequency of the usage of the numerals “six” and “sechs” in PhUlanguagemeaningEnglishGermansix parts5-large amount-3The meanings of “seven” / “sieben” are more variable in both languages. We may assume that it connected to the idea that this numeral is sacred (as well as the numeral “three”).Table 2.7Frequency of the usage of the numerals “seven” and “sieben” in PhUlanguagemeaningEnglishGermanseven parts35long time / much space11short time31We have found only one PhU with numeral “eight” and 5 PhUs with numeral “acht”. All of them have the meaning “eight parts”, but most of them awe can rank as the phraseological unities, i.e. they are based on a metaphorical shift and their meaning we cannot easily derive from the meaning of their parts, though in several PhUs the meaning is rather clear in both languages.Table 2.8Frequency of the usage of the numerals “eight” and “acht” in PhULanguageMeaningEnglishGermaneight parts15The numeral “nine” / “neun” have a meaning “nearly whole time / space”, which is motivated by its closeness to the numeral “ten” / “zehn”. The latter is considered to be “round number” and has a meaning “completeness”, which extends to its neighbour.Table 2.9Frequency of the usage of the numerals “nine” and “neun” in PhUlanguagemeaningEnglishGermannearly whole time / space22good quality / large amount3-short time2-The numeral “zehn” is more frequent then the numeral “ten”, though the difference is not very considerable. The meanings have something in common with the meaning of the numerals “nine” / “neun”. We explained it above. Besides, there are several PhUs with a not clear meaning, for example, the meaning of the PhU “sichallezehn Finger leckennachetw.“ can be described as both „completeness“ and „ten objects“, but since this means „both hands“ we count this PhU as „completeness“.Table 2.10Frequency of the usage of the numerals “ten” and “zehn” in PhUlanguagemeaningEnglishGermanthe whole object / completeness24long object / distance31There are several larger numerals, which we put in one table, because their meanings and their functions in PhU are nearly the same. Table 2.11Frequency of the usage of the other numerals in PhUlanguagemeaningEnglishGermanvery much / many29all everything15There are many similarities in meaning and functions of the numerals in the idioms. We can explain these similarities by the fact, that the very languages are closely related, and not only the languages, but also the cultures. We found several examples of the international idioms, which became a part of both English and German without any changes. However we also found examples of the changes which both languages brought to the Latin expressions.The frequency of the usage of the numerals varies in the two languages. The tables show us that the numerals “one” — “three” are rather frequent both in English and German, though the most frequent English numeral which we can find in the idioms is “one”. However the most frequent German numeral is “zwei”. There are reasonable differences of the frequency of the numeral “eight” / “acht”. It is more important for the German culture, because it is used in idioms, where it not only refers to the realities (compare with English: behind the eight ball), but also it is used with different metaphorical shifts (compare German: j-m die (stählerne) Acht anlagen). But in the same time, according to the Appendices I and II we found approximately the same number of the idioms containing numerals in the two languages (approximately 100, including the idioms that we put into several columns of our Appendices, because they contain two or more numerals).2.4 Results and DiscussionIn the second chapter of our graduation bachelor paper we studied the phraseological units containing the numerals from the point of their frequency in language, their structure and origin. Although we cannot say that we have found all the phraseological units containing the numerals in the two languages, our sampling (approximately 200 idioms in all) can be considered representative. Studying the idioms, containing the numerals, shows us that when the numerals become the part of an idiom they also become rethought, they form an integral phraseological meaning (often figurative), which can be different from the direct meaning of the numeral. Thus, the numeral “five” means “five objects”, but when it is used in the idiom, it can get the additional meaning “small amount”; the numeral “eins” means “one object”, but in the idioms it can mean “very good, exceptionally good”. Not only can the numeral itself get the additional meaning. In several examples we have found the additional meaning of the mathematical operations with the numerals.Our research shows us that despite the fact that most of the English and German numerals have the same origin, their meaning in the idioms and the very frequency in the idioms differ, which proves the fact that the cultures differdespite their relative closeness. The comparative frequency of the English and German numerals which were used in the idioms is shown in the diagram below (see Fig. 2.1).So we can conclude that the numeral in PhUs serves as the semantic centerof PhU and determines the semantic and emotional-expressive nature of unity in general.ConclusionIn the conclusion we would like to give a brief resume of the work that has been done. According to the tasks we set in the introduction, we may sum up several points.The first chapter of our research was dedicated mostly to the three of four problems that were formulated in our introduction. So, in the first chapter we gave a definition to the term “phraseological unit”, also we pointed out the role of the phraseological unit in languages and we described their closeness to the lexical units (words). There are many classifications of the phraseological units, and this fact shows us the wide spectrum of possibilities to divide the phraseological units into the different groups (grammar aspect, lexical aspect, etc.). Then we analysed the interaction between the language and culture from the point of view of a short comparison of the German and Anglo-Saxon cultures. Any language serves as a mirror to the culture of the nation. So if two nations have the different history and cultures, their languages differ, even though they have the same roots. On the other hand, when we study such languages we can find many signs of the former culture closeness. So one of the most interesting points of our work is the research of not the difference but the closeness of two languages, whose cultural codes reveal themselves as quite close in the depth. Numerals as a part of the language exist relatively long, although they do not always stand out as a separate part of speech. Numerals differ from other parts of speech, because they convey a general idea about the number, the idea which is not loaded with additional meanings. Certain universality of numerals highlights the fact that many peoples use universal (Arabic) numbers for the numeric entry.However, due to the use of numerals in everyday life, they are endowed with all sorts of additional meanings (including estimated values), which are closely related to the peculiarities of everyday life and culture of the people who use these numerals.Most pronounced linguaspecific characteristic of the numerals shows itself in phraseological unit, due to the very nature of these language units, which are units of extremely clear reflection of the culture and history of the given nation. Many idioms are frozen form, thus reflecting not only the history of the people, but also the history of the language. Many phraseological units reflect different realities that by now outdated, but remain stable in combinations that are used in the figurative sense.Our research dedicated the phraseological units with the numerical components in English and German shows that despite all the similarities of the origin, the numerals in these two languages can get very different additional meaning when they become a part of the idiom. This fact is connected with the cultural specific of the language. The statistic results of our research which are represented in the two Appendices clearly show us that frequency of the numerals in the two languages does not coincide — we see that several numerals that are rather rare for the English idioms, on the contrary, more frequent in the German ones (“eight” — “acht”). Besides, there are differences in the statistics for the most frequent numeral in the idioms (“one” for English, “zwei” for German). This difference may represent the difference between the two mentalities. It is more distinctive for the English to concentrate upon the idea of the person, of the uniqueness (so the most frequent numeral is «one»), it is more typical for the Germans to see themselves as some unity, so the numeral “zwei” is more frequent, than the numeral “eins”. Besides, the numerals denoting the larger numbers are more frequent in the German phraseological units.There are also similarities between the two languages, especially when we are speaking about the phraseological units which are borrowed both for English and German (for example, from Latin). In those phraseological units the numeral components get close, often the same meaning. But the similarities can also be connected to those folklore motives and mythopoetic meanings of the numerals which both languages and both cultures share from the ancient times.Furthermore, we should point out that, though numbers themselves lack the expressiveness, they can get it in the phraseological units, and several numbers even can keep it outside the idiom (“eins in German). The numerals in the phraseological units can be connected to the ideas of secrecy, danger, beginning or end, which are obviously not derived from the concept of the number. But there are ideas that in fact are derived from the concept of number (unity, duality).Concluding our research we must notice that we do not exhaust potentialities of the further work in this field. Future researchwill be able to touch the topic of comparison idioms more deeply and in other different aspects.REFERENCESАкуленко А. В. Категория количества в современных европейских языка. А.В. 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English PhU with the Numerical Component(s)OneTwoFourall bread is not baked in one oven;all your eggs in one basket;be all one to smb;busy as a one-armed paper hanger;friendship cannot stand always on one side;in (at) one ear and out at the other;In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king;kill two birds with one stoneone bad apple (spoils the barrel);one bone one flesh;one cloud is enough to eclipse all the sun;one drop of poison infects the whole tun of wine;one fell swoop;one fire drives out another;one good turn deserves another;one in a thousand (in a million);one lie needs seven lies to wait upon it;one man may steal a horse while another may not look over a hedge;one man no man;one over the eight;one side of the medal;one trick pony;one-day wonder;one-man band;one-two punch;take one for the team;with one stroke of the pen;(there’s) no two ways about it;a twice-told tale;as like as two peas;be in two minds;between two fires;cut both (two) ways;fall (sit) between two stools;in two shakes of a lamb's tail;make the best of both (two) worlds;one-two punch;saying and doing are two things;two and two make four;two dogs over one bone seldom agree;two in distress makes sorrow less;two is company, (but) three's a crowd;two penny tube;four sheets in the wind;four-letter man;four-letter word;on all fours;the four corners of the earth;two and two make four;the four wheels;to the four winds;within these four walls;Fivea five-alarm fire;bunch of fives;five-finger discount;high five;low five;slip someone five;take five;ThreeSixa three-alarm fire;a three-finger salute;a three-ring circus;didn't exchange more than three words with someone;fish and guests stink after three days;give three cheers;moving three times is as bad as a fire;the three tailors of Tooley Street;three dogs night;three pipe problem;three's a crowd;at sixes and sevens;be six feet under;deep six;double six;It's six of one, half a dozen of another;SevenNineTwelve / dozena seven-day wonder; the Seven Sisters;at sixes and sevens;keep a thing seven years and you'll (always) find a use for it;seven against Thebes;seven wonders of the world;seven-league boots;one lie needs seven lies to wait upon it;the seven year itch;dressed to the nines;have nine lives like a cat;nine times out of ten;nine-day wonder;neat as nine pence;whole nine yards;a wonder lasts but nine days;It's six of one, half a dozen of another;talk nineteen to the dozen;a baker's dozen;Hundredfirst hundred years are the hardest;by the hundred;a fool may throw a stone into a well which a hundred wise men cannot pull out;Tennine times out of ten;wouldn't touch someone or something with a ten-foot pole;know smb (smth) as one knows his ten fingers;OtherEighteighty-six something;sixty-four-dollar question;the 39 articles;behind the eight ball;Eleveneleventh-houragreement;Appendix 2.German PhU with the Numerical Component(s)Einsfreut sich der Dritte;zur zweiten Natur werden;jedes Ding hat zwei Seiten;zweiter Frühling (zweiten Frühling erleben usw.);zwischen zwei Stühlen sitzen;auf zwei Augen stehen/ruhen;das zweite Gesicht;dazu gehören (immer noch) zwei;Vieralles eins;eine Eins mit Stern;Nummer eins;eins zu null für j-n;eine Schwalbe macht noch keinen Sommer;eins, zwei, drei;einmal ist keinmal;stehen wie eine Eins;Thema (Nummer) eins;eine Moral mit doppeltem Boden (od. eine doppelte Moral);vier Augen werfen;unter vier Augen;auf allen vieren;vier Augen sehen mehr als zwei;ZweiDreiFünf(das ist klar/sicher) wie zweimal zwei/zwei und zwei vier sind;eins, zwei, drei;Geleerter mit zwei e sein;wenn zwei dasselbe tun, so ist es nicht dasselbe;mein zweites Ich;in zweiter Linie;wie zwei Turteltauben/Turteltäubchen;zwei Eisen im Feuer haben;wie kein zweiter;vier Augen sehen mehr als zwei;niemand kann zwei Herren dienen;ein doppeltes Spiel spielen;die zweite Geige spielen;zwei Fliegen mit einer Klappe schlagen;auf zwei Hochzeiten tanzen;wenn zwei sich streiten;eins, zwei, drei;ein Dreikäsehoch;j-d sieht aus wie drei Tage Regenwetter;doppelt und dreifach;so tun, als ob man nicht auf (bis) drei zählen könnte;die drei Grazien;aller guten Dinge sind drei;sich jemanden drei Schritt vom Leib(e) halten;dreimal umgezogen ist so gut wie einmal abgebrannt;drei Meilen gegen den Wind stinken;seinen Dreier dazu geben;ein Gesicht wie drei (sieben/zehn/vierzehn) Tage Regenwetter machen;der lachende Dritte;dritte Zähne;ehe man (od. ich) auf (od. bis); drei zählen kann (od. könnte);Tobias sechs, Vers drei;fünf Augen werfen;auf seinen fünf Augen beharren;so tun, als ob man nicht auf bis) fünf zählen könnte;das fünfte Rad am Wagen sein;fünf Minuten vor zwölf;die fünfte Kolonne;verrückt und fünf ist neune!;alle fünf(e) gerade (od. grade) sein lassen;SechsNeunHundertj-d hat für einen Sechser Verstand;einen sechsten Sinn (für etw.) haben;Tobias sechs, Vers drei;ach, du grüne Neune!;Neunmalklug;j-d kommt auf hundert;auf achtzig/ neunundneunzig / hundert sein/ kommen;j-m auf hundert / hundertachtzig bringen;sich um hundertachtzig Grad drehen;j-n auf hundert bringen;(der Kandidat hat) hundert Punkte;SiebenZehnTausendsieben auf einem Streich;Siebenmeilen stiefel;siebengescheit sein;Die böse Sieben;im sieb(en)ten Himmel sein;seine sieben Sachen/Zwetschgen packen;in sieben Sprachen schweigen;j-n bringen keine zehn Pferde irgendwohin/dazu, etwas zu tun;keine zehn Pferde können j-n von etw. abbringen/abhalten;sich alle zehn Finger lecken nach etw.;toben wie zehn nackte Wilde im Schnee;voll wie tausend Mann sein;tausend Ängsten (um j-n) schweben;mit 100 / 1000 Ohen hören;voll wie tausend Mann sein;Tausendkünstler;tausend Tode sterben;ei der Tausend!;nach dem Essen sollst du ruh’n oder tausend Schritte tun;AchtZwölf / DutzendOtherj-m die (stählerne) acht anlagen;Den Hut auf halb acht/ zehn haben/ aufsetzen;die Haare liegen auf halb acht;die Hose auf halb acht tragen;Halb-acht-Stellung;fünf Minuten vor zwölf;davon gehen zwölf auf ein Dutzend;nicht von zwölf bis Mittag;ein falscher Fuffziger;kurze Fuffzehn machen;jetzt schlägt’s (aber) dreizehn!;den Einundfünfziger haben;auf neunundneunzig sein;(der Kandidat hat) neunundneunzig Punkte;