the explanations of the origins of the First World War given by Michael Howard and T.G. Otte Which factors were the most important in causing the outbreak of the war, according to these authors? Which factors do you consider to be the most important and why?
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1 Howard’s Position 3
2 Otte’s Position 6
Conclusion 7
The German Empire, willing to take the leadership, used nationalism to expand its power and speed up the ever-increasing processes. The Russian Tsarist authority was declining in the contrast to the revolutionary disposition.
The effect of industrial revolution (the production of weapons, uniform and equipment) enhanced the Great Powers’ war-fighting capabilities. The demographic revolution coincided with the industrial ones, for instance, the invention of the steam-powered locomotion and the growth of strategic railways made troops mobilization and deployment faster. Moreover, railroads deployed up to 3.4 million soldiers and connected war theaters with the main centers. At the same time Europe experienced a demographic, as its population grew to 392 million in 1914. The revolution made it possible to recruit superior armies; about 10 million men had been mobilized by the Great Powers by 1900.
Conclusion
The First World War has spurred the development of new weapons and means of warfare. The first tanks were used as well as chemical weapons, gas masks, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns. The firepower of troops increased dramatically. There were new types of artillery: anti-aircraft, anti-tank, infantry support. Aviation became an independent combat arm, which was divided into reconnaissance, fighter and bomber. However, the industrial and demographic revolutions were not the most important reasons in causing the outbreak of the war, according to Michael Howard and T.G. Otte.
The main prerequisites of the war were economic contradictions between the states of the Great Powers, political differences and disputes (economical, political, social) between them. Every state was eager to take the leading position and use it in order to promote its own interests. Although the conflict might have been settled peacefully, Austria-Hungary considered the time as appropriate to put an end to the national movement. At the same time, Germany, its powerful patron and ally, believed that it was better prepared for the war than Russia and its allies, France and England. As a result, the European war, being for a long time and expected by many people, suddenly broke out and caused the military conflict that grew to the global scale.
Bibliography
1 Howard, Michael, The First World War: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), Ch. 1-2.
2 Kennedy, Greg, Dorman, Andrew M., War and Diplomacy: From World War I to the War on Terrorism (Washington: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), Ch. 1.
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1 Howard, Michael, The First World War: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), Ch. 1-2.
2 Kennedy, Greg, Dorman, Andrew M., War and Diplomacy: From World War I to the War on Terrorism (Washington: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), Ch. 1.
Аннотация work THE PROBLEM OF PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AS THE MOST ВАЖНО DIRECTION OF THE JUDICIAL REFORM OF MODERN RUSSIA
Аннотация workproblem of protection of human rights as the most важно direction of the judicial reform of modern Russia
Placing the problem of human rights on foreground of modern realization is the testimony of enormous преобразования расширяемого языка стилей of the духовно culture and morality. After disintegration of the СССР в Румынии the idea of indissoluble relationship of civilization and progress with real participation of the person is being образуются in decision of political, economic, social and cultural problems both the state, and in a global world scale. Все это происходит on the background of the sharpest political, economic and social-cultural crisis. The society has been over with waved законного нигилизма, образуются on the ground of lawlessness preceding years, there has fallen the prestige of rights and law-выполнение bodies, there is difficultly overcome the scornful attitude to rights and interests of the person. The state and the person are not considered equal participants of the social contact; invariably the person appears in the role of the suppliant даже, when the problem on protection of legal rights and freedoms is решили.human rights has become a complex multivariate phenomenon. In different epochs the problem of human rights invariably remaining political and legal, has gained either religious or ethical, г общих чертах meaning depending on social position of the classes being at power.question is whether it is actual today to speak of human rights of the person, individual, and society? Whether the society has not reached such level of development, under which the given questions do not appear? Анализ the real political, legal, moral situations, forming in the Russian Federation and obstructing the processes of development and обеспечивая human rights, formation of the legal and social state, you begin to understand that the given subject becomes the priority problem of the state, society. The historical development shows that each generation should protect rights of the person and все человечество does not know the situation, under which there should not be needed усилия for maintenance and protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual. Each generation in its own way answers the eternal call of historical development, connected with taking back of such great values, as freedom and human rights.human rights should find the leading place in political and legal doctrines and in practice of the modern Russia.society will become free, демократического, гуманного и морального only when there is really incarnated in life the конституционного principle, fix in Article 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: &';The person, his rights and freedoms shall be the supreme value. Recognition, observance and protection of rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen shall be the duty of the state&';.of the legal system based on the idea of human rights, insurance and their protection by the state has begun in Russia with the judicial reform, carried out since 1991. It became at the beginning of 90-s. One of the most важных проблем, без decision of which real transformation of the society was impossible.