Сочинительные структуры в современном английском языке

A copulative coordination implies that two events or two ideas transmitted by means of a composing sentence are interconnected in time and space. Parts of the sentence are connected using connecting words. These include: conjunctions and, nor, (neither)...nor, not only...but (also), as well as, and conjunctive adverbsthen, moreover.Conjunctionandmost often is used for the expression of this type of coordination. For example:▪ His ambition, he confined to me, was to become «a dead shot», and the marvel of it is that he did not succeed. The setting sun was flaming upon it, a summer shower was falling, and it was spanned by two magnificent rainbows.The events described in sentences with copulative coordination can be simultaneous and consistent. For example:▪ The black Cadillac made its hunting sound through the night and the tyres sang on the slab and the black fields stretched with mist swept by.(Simultaneous of events)The front door to the house opened, and a man and a woman stepped out on the wooden porch. (Consistent of events)Sometimes in a complex coordination sentence, the second part may contain a comment on the first. For example:▪ She was familiar with the petty social problems and they bored her.In sentences beginning with a verb in the imperative, the first sentence implies the conditions for performing the action in the second part of the sentence. For example:▪ Take these pills, and you will feel better. (If you take...)Conjunctionnor connects two negative sentences. For example:▪ I didn’t recognize the girl, nor did I remember her name.Paired conjunctions neither... nor, not only...but (also)express addition. For example:▪ I not only remembered the girl’s name, but also knew everything about her family.Conjunctive adverb thenconnects the two sentences describing the sequence of events. For example:▪ We went along the street, then we turned to the left.Particular attention should be paid toconjunctionand.This conjunction can connect parts of a sentence not only with a connecting one, but also with an adversative and causative coordination. In this case, the meaning of the second part of the sentence is either opposed to the first or contains its reason. The copulative coordination can also be expressed in a way without using of conjunctions. Sentences combined in this way can express simultaneous or consistent events. For example:▪ Our Elsie was looking at her with big imploring eyes; she was frowning; she wanted to go. (Simultaneous of events)▪ The bus stopped, the automatic door sprang open, a lady got in, then another lady.(Consistent of events)2. Adversative coordination.Withinadversative coordination parts of a compound sentence contain opposition or contrast.Adversative conjunctions and connective words represent the most numerous group of the category of coordination members. Adversative conjunctions in the modern English include: but, whereas, while, or (adversative and causative), connective words and conjunctive adverbs: yet, still, nevertheless, only,else, however, otherwise.Adversative coordination also can be expressed in a way without using of conjunctions.One of the most commonadversative conjunctions but expresses an adversary connection in a fairly broad sense. The proposal, introduced byconjunctionbut, transmits an event which opposed to another. For example:▪ Sorry to bother you with all this, but I had to say it.▪ The story was amusing, but nobody laughed.Coordinated sentence with the conjunction butvery often passes concessions. In these examples, the first part of the second sentence contains concessions. It is possible to remake this sentence into the following:▪ Though the story was amusing, nobody laughed.Nevertheless sentences with the conjunctionbutmainly intended to highlight the opposition between the first and second parts of a compound coordinated sentence.Sentences withadversative conjunctions butExpress the reason why the expected event did not occur. For example:▪ I wanted to call you up, but my telephone was out of order.Conjunctionbutcan also express the contrast between parts of a sentence. For example:▪ The English system of noun forms is very simple, but the system of verb forms is most intricate.Conjunctionswhileиwhereasare mainly used to express contrasting relationships. For example:▪ His eyes snapped vindictively, while his ears joyed in the sniffles she emitted.▪ Some people prefer going to the theatre, whereas others will stay at home watching TV programmes.Contrasting relationships can be expressed in a way without using of conjunctions. For example:▪ Two or three scenes stood out vividly in his mind – all the rest became a blur.3. Separative coordination Separative coordination usually suggests a choice between two alternatives. Separation conjunctions include the following: or either ... or.Also parts of the sentence can be connected by using conjunction adverbs else (or else), otherwise.For example:▪ You can join us at the station, or we can wait for you at home.Pair conjunction either...or emphasizes the exclusion of one alternative. Forexample:▪ Either listen to me, or I shall stop reading to you.A Sentence submitted by a conjunction or may express a confirmation or clarification of what is said in the first part. For example:▪ We were talking about a lot of things, or rather he was talking and I was listening.Coordinated sentencewith separation conjunctions can transmit real or unreal condition. For example:▪ Hurry up, or you will be late. (Realcondition that means: If you don’t hurry, you will be late).4. Causal-consecutivecoordinationWithin causal-consecutive coordination the parts of the sentence are interconnected in such a way that one of them contains the cause or consequence of the other. The second sentence may contain both the cause and the consequence of the event expressed in the first sentence. Their specific expression is embodied in certain language forms, in certain conjunctionsand connected words: for, so, thus, therefore. For example:▪ She had walked some distance, FOR her shoes were worn to pieces; but where she came from or where she was going to, nobody knows.▪ She was not unfrequently the victim of this disorder, THUS she called it, in familiar conversation, ‘a fit of the jerks’.▪ Wine had brought no transitory gladness to him, THEREFORE many a night he vaguely and unhappily wandered there, many a dreary daybreak revealed his solitary figure lingering there.Notwithstanding it should be noted that conjunctionfor is used for communication not only of parts of a complex coordinated sentence, but also for parts of a complex subordination. This conjunction occupies an intermediate position between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. In the linguistic literature, it is noted that for differs from both typical coordinating and typical subordinate conjunctions. The lack of characteristics characteristic of typical conjunctions makes it difficult to determine its grammatical status. So, unlike other writing conjunctions, for does not occur during repeated writing and can only bind predicative conjunctions. At the same time, unlike subordinate conjunctions, this conjunction does not allow the permutation of predicative units in a complex sentence. In addition, predicative units entered by forconjunction cannot act as homogeneous subordinate clauses.Similar to other writing associations, for can be used in the initial position. Normative English grammars disallow the use of writing conjunctions at the beginning of a sentence. Nevertheless, corpus studies have noted a high frequency of initial composer conjunctions. In addition, if they are used at the beginning of a sentence, the writing conjunctions act not simply as an indicator of a sociable connection (as is the case with non-initial alliances), but also as discourse markers, that is, units that regulate the structure of discourse and that connect various discourse plans. In general, a coordination connection at the discursive (textual) level is of a fundamentally different character as compared to a coordination connection realized within a complex sentence.It is worth to consider an example of an initial for: ▪ Sandweg church was different from other churches on the island in that its frescos did not bear the imprint of the celebrated Elmelunde master but of some unknown artist who, it seemed, had neither painted nor supervised the painting of any other works of public art Who had he been? Why had he chosen this subject? For although, ostensibly, the subject of the fresco was biblical, the artist had chosen to illustrate the earlier massacre with scenes from a later, fourteenth-century island tragedy. It is possible to notice here that the conjunction for in this case emphasize two distant textual units, separated by a sequence of rhetorical questions. This method of cohesion, when a connection is established between non-contact textual fragments, is characteristic of initial coordinated conjunctions. Thus, in this case, the conjunction for acts as a means of coordination connection. For comparison it is worth to consider an example in which conjunction for acts as a means of subordinate connection:▪ Perhaps it might have been endurable if she had been permitted to use her charms on the convalescent men, for many of them were attractive and well born, but this she could not do in her widowed state.In this case, connected by an adversary connection predicative units are separated by another predicative unit, introduced by for. Such a structure is possible only if the conjunction for is interpreted exclusively as a means of subordinate connection. Thus, compound sentence is a composite sentence built on the principle of coordination. The same as subordination, coordination, can be expressed either syndetically ˗ or asyndetically.Due to the possibility of semantic relations similar to those inherent in certain types of subordinate complex sentences, the components of a coordinate complex sentence can be combined by simple juxtaposition, that is, without conjunctions or conjunctive words. In this way it is not always possible to identify the coordinate connection in a sentence due to the presence of a certain number of general conjunctions. So, in addition to the fact that sentences with a coordinate connection traditionally include coordinate conjunctions, such asand, but, etc, there are also some subordinateconjunctions,such as though, if, when, than, etc. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕТаким образом, сочинительная связь образуется между предложениями, частями сложного предложения, между репликами диалога, между самостоятельными единицами сообщения. Онаявляется синтаксической связью грамматически равнозначных единиц языка, ни одна из которых не может быть перенесена на положение компонента другой и располагает сочинительными союзами в качестве собственной системы средств выражения. Сочинительная связь в качестве периферийного вида связи функционирует в простом предложении, в котором не создает новых синтаксических позиций, а воспроизводит уже имеющиеся, а следовательно, не имеет конститутивного значения.Кроме использования в простых словосочетаниях, сочинительная связь проявляется в процессе создания сложносочиненных предложений. При их составлении характерным является однородность сочинительных структур. Связующими словами, которые соединяют в одну синтаксическую конструкцию сочинительные структуры в предложения, являются союзы. Сочинительный союз указывает на относительное смысловое равенство связываемых единиц. Вследствие вероятности наличия сходных с присущими сложноподчиненным предложениям семантических отношений, составляющие сложносочинённого и сложноподчинённого предложений могут соединяться простым соположением. Причинно-следственные или временные семантические отношения могут выступать в роли вышеуказанных отношений.Таким образом, цели, поставленные при написании работы, достигнуты и задачи выполнены. Были рассмотрены структурные характеристики и содержательные особенности сочинительных структур, функции и синтаксические особенности сочинительной связи. Были исследованы роль союзов в построении сочинительных связей и применение сочинительных структур в сложносочиненных предложениях.СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫАхманова О. С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. – М.: КомКнига, 2005. – 571 с.Блох. М. Я. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка: Учебник для студентов филол. фак. ун-тов и фак. англ. яз. педвузов. ˗ М.: Высш. школа, 1983. ˗ 383 с.Ганшина М, Василевская Н. 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