«Непереводимое» в поэтическом тексте (на материале перевода с русского на английский язык романа А.С. Пушкина «Евгений Онегин»). “Untranslatability” in a Poetic Text (Based on the Translation of “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin from Russian into English.

Sociology is dealing with the working in the field of intercultural communication. Year after the intercultural communication grows. The comparing of three analysed translations show how well the foreigners start to understand and feel Russia and Russian culture.Thus, the most emotionally and contently successful translation is made in recent times by J. Fallen while in time of Johnston translation there were the strong stereotypes of Russia as the “beers’ and wild people’s country”. So, by comparing the analysed in this work translations we see how sociology as an intercultural science, develops. So, the results of this investigation can be practically implemented in sociolinguistics.3.1.2 Practical Implementation of the Research the Results in LexicographyLexicography (from the Greek. Lexikon - referring to the word and graphien - I write) is a section of linguistics that deals with the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries. The history of various national lexicographies has been studied by scientists for many centuries [31, 32, 47], just as English lexicography has for many years been the subject of research by domestic and foreign linguists, primarily because it is the oldest in the world and has accumulated significant experience, both in practice and the theory of this science, which reflected the best linguistic achievements of English scientists [34].The idea is that you can compile a glossary of lacunae of the novel by Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" so that the English-speaking reader at any time can clarify an incomprehensible word for him. Such a glossary has already been compiled by V.V. Nabokov, but V.V. Nabokov considered it incomplete and was dissatisfied with the work done.Vocabulary performs socially important functions, as it provides: 1) language training (native and non-native);2) description and normalization of the native language (explanatory dictionaries, orthoepic, spelling and others);3) interlanguage communication (bilingual dictionaries);4) the scientific study of the vocabulary of the language (etymological, historical dictionaries, dictionaries of dead languages). According to the dictionaries, one can study not only the language, but also the culture of the people: many aspects of national life are embodied in the word, but as shown in our study, A.S. Pushkin used many national words that could cause difficulties for foreigners.A dictionary can describe not the whole language system, but part of it. These are the dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms. So our study can be included in etymological, historical dictionaries, dictionaries of writers.In the made translations there have appeared many words, such as “drozhki”, “chonra”, “troika” wich are of Russian origin and already placed in the vocabulary as neologisms.The current investigation shows that there can be added into the English language vocabulary even more of typical Russian words such as “barshina”, “obrok”, “dvoika” etc. So the gained results can be used for the practical implementation in lexicography.3.1.3 Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Cognitive LinguisticsWhatever people learn, they can hardly manage without language. But language is not only a tool for transmitting information or a key to cognition processes: it partly forms the reality that they cognize. The interaction of language and cognition is engaged in cognitive linguistics.Cognitive linguistics, the most common (especially in Europe) name of the direction of linguistic research, which developed in the second half of the 1970s and had a significant number of followers in the future. A concept is a type of sign, a unit of information structure and human experience, the main unit of culture in the mental world of man. Moreover, this is such a mental entity where knowledge and cultural values, as the property of an individual, are qualified as the individual ideal, and accordingly, the knowledge and cultural values that exist in society, as the social ideal. A prerequisite for the existence of a concept is its implementation with the help of a word, that is, verbalization.The goal of cognitive linguistics is to penetrate the structures and formats of cognition through comprehension of the language, since it is through the language that one can access the most objective analysis of information structures. The tasks of the new linguistic direction are the study of language as a means of organizing, processing and transmitting information, language as a cultural phenomenon. The origins of cognitive science were three areas of study of the intellectual and spiritual activity of man.1. a logical direction, studying formal rules of thinking, structures of concepts and statements;2. linguistic direction, exploring the mechanisms and processes underlying the acts of thinking, cognition and the acquisition of cultural values;3. The psychological direction, the subject of attention of which are all forms of mental activity in their real empirical manifestations. Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary program, as it concentrates the efforts of various disciplines involved in the study of the human mind, which is able to receive, process and store information about the world. A comprehensive study of the conceptualization process through the use of cognitive linguistics methods in combination with the maximum allowance for ethnoculturally marked information about the objects of the world makes it possible to clarify the theoretical positions of modern linguistics on the cognitive foundations of linguistic phenomena, to expand linguistic knowledge about individual fragments of the lexicological field that reflects the ethno-conceptual field.In order to communicate normally in any society, a person must imagine what, when, to whom and how he or she can or should say: this kind of information is communicatively significant regardless of the sociocultural specificity of communication. Thus, the success or failure of communication is a rather conditional criterion. A necessary component of communicative competence is cultural competence. In addition to owning the language code, it is also necessary to own the sociocultural code of the community in whose language communication is conducted, i.e. the knowledge and perceptions that are stored in the cognitive base of this linguacultural community.The investigated in the current work lacunas’ types and the ways of their elimination studied using the Alexander Pushkin’s novel Eugene Onegin forms a good material for Cognitive linguistics as from the standpoint of cognitive science, the elimination of gaps as compensation is the replacement of the cognitive model of another language with the model of the translated language, and the filling is the creation of an integrative cognitive structure as a result of combining the models of the source and translated languages.Also, it is possible the formation of new cognitive structures and models under the influence of a non-native language.Besides, the data obtained allowed us to identify the cognitive models characteristic of native speakers of Russian and English, the most frequent translation strategies used by native speakers of the Russian language, and also to offer the most appropriate translation strategies for each case of differences in cognitive models.The presented in the current investigation results assist in better understanding of Russian way of thinking and feeling and to know the Russian soul better. Also the present investigation is an encyclopaedia of life in Russia in XIX century.The way how translators of different time periods (J. Falen in 1995, Ch. Johnston in 1977, V.N. Nabokov in 1975) learn it makes the result of this work significant for the cognitive linguistics, thus, can be practically implemented in cognitive linguistics. 3.1.4 Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Corpus LinguisticsCorpus linguistics is a section of linguistics engaged in the development, creation and use of text corpuses. In linguistics, the corpus - a collection of texts selected and processed according to certain rules that are used as a basis for studying the language. They are used for statistical analysis and verification of statistical hypotheses, confirmation of linguistic rules in a given language.This section of linguistics allows you to study language phenomena by working with a large number of texts that are read by machine: corpora. This linguistics has found application in a large number of areas that are related to research in linguistics. This is a descriptive study of language syntax, it is prosody, etc. It cannot be said that the analysis of texts that are real examples is something new in linguistic science. But despite this, Corpus Linguistics received a new impetus to development only in the 21st century. This is due to the fact that there are great opportunities to process natural language with the help of computer technology. What became possible to use computers in linguistics and the fact that there was a text that is recognized by computers, made it possible to quickly and easily receive data. In addition, this data has been made possible in a form that will be easy to analyze. Corpus linguistics, however, is not only engaged in computer processing of texts. It is still studying the data from the case and analyzing it. The main task of this field of linguistics is to analyze the data, not to look for data.For the process of such analysis, of course, the main tool is information and communication technology.The analysis and processing of different types of cases is the subject of most work in the field of computer linguistics, speech recognition and machine translation, in which cases are often used to create hidden Markov models for marking parts of speech and other tasks.The main goal of corpus linguistics:-linguistic description of the language system (approach from a specific study of the communication of people), -a special way of reflecting speech material in the body of texts, which can in turn be used by other linguistic disciplines.Corpus linguistics has two features that give reason to claim a position of independent discipline:1. The nature of the verbal material used.2. The specifics of the tools.Thus, the corpus of texts, on one hand, is the initial speech material for corpus linguistics and for other linguistic disciplines; on the other hand, the result of corpus linguistics.The current study shows that among the common number of lacunas investigated in Eugene Onegin (62) the number of verbal lacunas were (21)., the number of stylistic lacunas were (17), the number of ethnographic lacunas were (24) – figure in appendix 2.The obtained during the current study statistical information can be used in corpus linguistics.The obtained results can be practically implemented for enriching the thesaurus for the both Russian and English languages and calque the dynamics of synonyms appearance in the corpus.3.3 Results and RecommendationsThe theory of translation is an essential part in the process of training for interpreters and foreign language teachers.The presented in this paper theory has a close relationship with such disciplines as sociolinguistics, lexicography, cognitive linguistics, corpus linguistics etc.Thus, the investigated in the current work lacunas’ types and the ways of their elimination studied using the Alexander Pushkin’s novel Eugene Onegin forms a good material for Cognitive linguistics as from the standpoint of cognitive science, the elimination of gaps as compensation is the replacement of the cognitive model of another language with the model of the translated language, and the filling is the creation of an integrative cognitive structure as a result of combining the models of the source and translated languages.Also, as lexicography discover the development of requirements regarding the external parameters of the dictionary (description units, basic properties of the description language — metalanguage, volume, structure, types of dictionary information); formal inventory - selection of texts, compilation of preliminary vocabularies, characterization of grammatical forms, painting contexts); an experimental study of the meaning of the described words (text analysis using scientific methods, conducting tests with native speakers); generalization of experimental data; building definitions in the appropriate language and testing them in new experiments; collection and systematization of additional information about each vocabulary unit; registration of dictionary entries; streamlining dictionary entries; the design of the dictionary as a whole, including auxiliary pointers, the obtained in the current work research results can be used in the collection and systematization of Russian and English language words and other lexicography operations.Also, the made investigation of results can be in general used for the analysing of Russian society and as it is seen, the ways how the cultural gaps were translated in English, is also possible to use the results of current study for analysing the British (and Irish) through the translation of Johnston society as well as USA society by means of Falen’s and Nabokov’s translations.Besides, in the current chapter there was made the statistical analyses for the appearance of different types of lacunas and different ways of their elimination.Also, the current chapter has the results for number of eliminating lacunas by compensation and filling per each of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin versions analysed here (Nabokov, Johnston, Falen).Also, there was made the analyses for:-Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Sociolinguistics-Practical Implementation of the Research the Results in Lexicography-Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Cognitive Linguistics-Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Corpus LinguisticsThe presented in the abovementioned paragraphs results can be used in as the recommendations as well.Thus, in connection to sociolinguistics, is possible to note, that the most emotionally and contently successful translation is made in recent times by J. Fallen while in time of Johnston translation there were the strong stereotypes of Russia as the “beers’ and wild people’s country”. So, by comparing the analysed in this work translations it is possible to see how sociology as an intercultural science, develops. So, the results of this investigation can be practically implemented in sociolinguistics and also the made investigation’s results can be in general used for the analysing of Russian society and as we see the ways how the cultural gaps were translated in English, it is also possible to use the results of current study for analysing the British (and Irish) through the translation of Johnston society as well as USA society by means of Falen’s and Nabokov’s translations.For lexicography the current investigation shows that there can be added into the English language vocabulary even more of typical Russian words than there are added by now. Among them are “barshina”, “obrok”, “dvoika” etc. So, the gained results can be used for the practical implementation in lexicography.For cognitive linguistics the presented in the current investigation results assist in better understanding of Russian way of thinking and feeling and to know the Russian soul better. Also, the present investigation is an encyclopaedia of life in Russia in XIX century.The way how translators of different time periods (J. Falen in 1995, Ch. Johnston in 1977, V.N. Nabokov in 1975) learn it makes the result of this work significant for the cognitive linguistics, thus, can be practically implemented in cognitive linguistics. From point of corpus linguistics view, the current study shows that among the common number of lacunas investigated in Eugene Onegin (62) the number of verbal lacunas were (21)., the number of stylistic lacunas were (17), the number of ethnographic lacunas were (24) – figure in appendix 2.The obtained during the current study statistical information can be used in corpus linguistics.The obtained results can be practically implemented for enriching the thesaurus for the both Russian and English languages and calque the dynamics of synonyms appearance in the corpus.CONCLUSIONThe equivalent translation of a work of art makes an uneven impression on different readers, which are different in cultural and educational level, worldviews, knowledge, life experience, psychological characteristics. These differences constitute a social-personal barrier, which the translator cannot neutralize, since each reader has his own linguistic and ethnic background, that is, a stock of encyclopedic information about the people in whose language the original is written.The translator recreates not only the content in the text, but also the artistic and aesthetic potential of the source text, as well as the author’s ideological and aesthetic attitude. He overcomes the contradictions that arise during the translation process between the need for an equivalent reconstruction of the plot of the original and the systematic nature of the translating language, resorting to motivated translation transformations and compensating deviations from the semantic-structural identity.However, it is not so easy to neutralize nationally determined discrepancies between native speakers of the original language and native speakers of the translating language. A serious obstacle is the different models of world perception, determined by the history of peoples, the system of symbols, the specifics of imaginative thinking, metaphorics, religion, the geographical conditions of their habitation, stereotypes of evaluative characteristics, value priorities reflected in their native languages.The translator mainly deals with the words of two languages as their unitary order, but often he has to replace the original word with a phrase, phrase, phraseologies of the translating language, depending on the contextually determined semantics, which translators call the content of the word to distinguish from lexicographic interpretation.Based on this content, the words of the original are arranged in a hierarchical order according to the degree of translatability: some are translated necessarily, others are replaced by units of other levels, others can be omitted if the text compensates for their semantics or stylistic function, the fourth without translation are included in the translated text, that is, borrowed . The original discourse is reproduced in a translating language with some compensating differences that are in demand to neutralize the linguistic-ethnic barrier.In Russian literary studies, translation studies and stylistics, there is a tradition of describing and systematizing the problems of understanding or translating lacunae. In these descriptions, the range of techniques differs from a linguistic approach - for example, studying “untranslatable words” - to research in the field of perception aesthetics, according to which the meaning of each text arises only through the active creative participation of the reader.Difficulties in translation are caused by cultural, cognitive and interlinguistic factors. Some specific words or concepts missing in the contrasted languages, cultures and cognition are the limits of culture, lacunae or gaps. The lacunae theory must find proper methods to eliminate lacunae, thus rendering the ethos of the specific cultural elements from one language into another. These ethnic lacunae are part of the national consciousness; they are associative, implicit phenomena that require thoughtful interpretation. At present, lacunae theory is often associated with translation studies where lacunae are interpreted as “translation gaps” caused by irrelevance in the target text of translation where the specific or vague information is often substituted by “zero equivalents”. It was shown that the ways to eliminate lacunae are associated with such terms as the non-adequacy of translation, methods to hide lacunae are described by the terminological such synonymic notions as: `naturalizing` (“domestication”) and “estranging” (“foreignization”). Mostly, terms of lacunarity are adherent to terms “misunderstanding”, “implicity”, “change” and “reduction”.In the current investigation there used as the material:Original version in Russian language of Eugene Onegin;Johnston’s translation (offering a free translation version of the original with omissions and additions);Falen’slexical translation (rendering the basic meaning of the words and their order, andNabokov’s literal translation (i.e. rendering as closely as the associative and syntactical capacities of another language allow the exact contextual meaning of the original).The work contains the statistical analyses for the appearance of each type of lacunas in Russian text of Eugene Onegin and the quantitative analyses of the times of filling and compensation per each of translation versions (Nabokov’s, Johnston’s’, Falen’s).The following conclusions come per each chapter.In the Chapter 1 In Chapter 1 there was described the concept of lacunae and typology of lacunae. It was shown that lacunae are often caused by communication. In the course of intercultural communication, specific mismatches of world pictures, mentality, realities, linguistic differences can be revealed. The difference in worldviews and mentality means that the understanding of the world and their own identity in contacting social actors is fundamentally non-identical. There was also described the peculiarities of poetic text. It was expressed that poetry captures the essence of an object, feeling or thought. Poetry for children should reflect the emotions of childhood, making students feel sensory experiences to an intensified degree and satisfying their natural response to rhythm. There are the following forms of poetry.The lexical and stylistic ways of lacunae translation were presented as well. It was also made the review and description of A. Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin novel translation versions. It was shown that there are existing many translation versions of Pushkin’s EugenyOnegin. It was chosen as the most interesting versions according to the critics: by Vladimir Nabokov, Charles Johnston and James Falen.In the Chapter 2 The expected elimination of lacunas in three translators versions (Johnston, Falen, Nabokov) was made the same way – in case of Johnston’s translation – by means of omissions and additions; in case of Falen’s translation – by means rendering the basic words meaning and the words order; in case of Nabokov’s translation appears the literal type of translation which seems entirely rejects the rhyme, music and the correct grammatical order. The only area Nabokov wasn’t going to sacrifice was iambic meter. Even if the purpose of literal translation is to ensure the adequacy of the aesthetic impact of the original and translation [31], the task of the translator, acting as an intermediary between the author and the reader, is to ensure adequate transmission of the content of the text and to prevent the formation of lacunas in the minds of a foreign language reader. The comparing of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin lacunas eliminating by Nabokov, Johnston and Falen shows that Nabokov tries to eliminate lacunaes by using calquing. Johnston is using more the adoptive elimination of lacunas and even the melody of the poetry in case of Johnston is different than the original and Nabokov's and Falen's translations. In total, Nabokov uses the compensation the most – 86% vs 14% for filling. Johnston uses about equally the elimination via filling and compensation – 53 % vs 47 %. Falen try to use mostly filling – 79% vs 21 %.Also, it is very well seen that Nabokov, Johnston and Falen used the most different types of translation methods. Thus, Charles Johnston offering a free version of translation the original with omissions and additions. James Falen offers lexical translation (rendering the basic meaning of the words and their order). Vladimir Nabokov offering the literal translation (i.e. rendering as closely as the associative and syntactical capacities of another language allow the exact contextual meaning of the original).In the Chapter 3 The current chapter has the results for number of eliminating lacunas by compensation and filling per each of Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin versions analysed here (Nabokov, Johnston, Falen).Also, there was made the analyses for:-Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Sociolinguistics-Practical Implementation of the Research the Results in Lexicography-Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Cognitive Linguistics-Practical Implementation of the Research Results in Corpus LinguisticsThe presented in the abovementioned paragraphs results can be used in as the recommendations as well.Thus, in connection to sociolinguistics, is possible to note, that the most emotionally and contently successful translation is made in recent times by J. Fallen while in time of Johnston translation there were the strong stereotypes of Russia as the “beers’ and wild people’s country”. So, by comparing the analysed in this work translations it is possible to see how sociology as an intercultural science, develops. So, the results of this investigation can be practically implemented in sociolinguistics and also the made investigation’s results can be in general used for the analysing of Russian society and as we see the ways how the cultural gaps were translated in English, it is also possible to use the results of current study for analysing the British (and Irish) through the translation of Johnston society as well as USA society by means of Falen’s and Nabokov’s translations.For lexicography the current investigation shows that there can be added into the English language vocabulary even more of typical Russian words than there are added by now. Among them are “barshina”, “obrok”, “dvoika” etc. So, the gained results can be used for the practical implementation in lexicography.For cognitive linguistics the presented in the current investigation results assist in better understanding of Russian way of thinking and feeling and to know the Russian soul better. Also, the present investigation is an encyclopaedia of life in Russia in XIX century.The way how translators of different time periods (J. Falen in 1995, Ch. Johnston in 1977, V.N. Nabokov in 1975) learn it makes the result of this work significant for the cognitive linguistics, thus, can be practically implemented in cognitive linguistics. 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Eugene Onegin: [site]. – URL: http://nabokov-lit.ru/nabokov/stihi/eugene-onegin/index.htm (date of access: 18.10.19).Appendix 2The eliminations number and types in current investigation for V.V. Nabokov’s translation of Eugene Onegin.The eliminations number and types in current investigation for Ch. Johnston’s translation of Eugene Onegin.The eliminations number and types in current investigation for J. Falen translation of Eugene Onegin.