Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drive

BMW and the German expert organization TÜV Süddeutschland (TUV) tested the BMW Hydrogen 7 hydrogen storage system. They tried to destroy the gas tank under high pressure, heated to 1000 ° C for 70 minutes, subjected to mechanical deformation and shock loads. The hydrogen never exploded.Production electric vehicles, which use the energy stored in batteries to drive, appeared long before 2013, when Toyota introduced the Mirai concept. The power plant of an electric vehicle is a traction motor that drives the drive wheels. To power the electric motor, TAB is used - a traction storage battery. The electric car is simple, and therefore its value for the consumer is potentially very high. However, the transformation of electric vehicles into the most massive form of transport is hampered by the lack of revolutionary technological breakthroughs in the development of storage batteries. Rather, one important breakthrough did take place: with the advent of lithium-ion batteries, which have a higher capacity and low weight in comparison with traditional nickel-metal hydride and already quite archaic lead-acid batteries. After that, in the development of battery technology, only a stable forward movement is observed. Manufacturers are constantly offering solutions to increase the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. For example, the Russian technology company Drive Electro has developed batteries for passenger transport based on the most advanced lithium-titanate (LTO) battery cells. It takes only 6 to 20 minutes to recharge the second generation lithium-titanate batteries, which is about 20 times less than the average charging time of lithium-ion batteries. In addition, lithium titanate batteries are not exposed to extreme low temperatures - they can be charged without additional heating and operated at temperatures down to –40 ° C. This allows us to speak about the year-round operation of electric vehicles in Russian conditions. As for durability, according to the manufacturer, the battery can withstand at least 20 thousand full charge and discharge cycles, which is equivalent to about 15 years of daily use. True, it should be immediately noted that there are no statistics yet to support this statement. The company installs its batteries only on electric buses, and even those began to run through the streets of Moscow only in September 2017.The US Department of Energy has published the results of a study comparing the efficiency of vehicles with an internal combustion engine to the efficiency of vehicles with electric motors. According to this study, only 12 to 20% of the energy generated by an internal combustion engine is transferred to the wheels. The wheels of an electric car already reach 86 to 94% of the energy.The maximum speed of the KAMAZ-6282 electric bus equipped with Drive Electro lithium-titanate batteries is 75 km / h with a maximum power reserve of 70 km. The figures, at first glance, do not seem impressive, but it is worth remembering that the total mass of the electric bus is about 19 tons, with the ability to carry up to 110 passengers. There are examples of installing batteries of the same type on passenger electric vehicles. Thus, Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric cars for the Japanese market and Honda Fit EV electric cars are equipped with lithium-titanate batteries. The maximum distance traveled by the Honda Fit EV is 225 km. This is more than half the range of the 500-kilometer range of the Tesla Model 3 with a lithium-ion battery. However, the comparison should take into account the capacity of the battery pack - 20 kWh for the Honda and more than 80 kWh for the Tesla Model 3 with an extended battery.The Toyota Mirai hybrid hydrogen fuel cell plant has a maximum efficiency of converting hydrogen into electric current of 83%. The maximum power of the installation is 114 kW. The car is equipped with an AC synchronous electric motor. Its maximum power is 113 kW, or 154 horsepower.Two Mirai fuel tanks can be filled with 122.4 liters or five kilograms of hydrogen at a time. The maximum travel distance at one filling station will be 650 kilometers. It takes three minutes to fully fill the tanks.When it comes to efficiency, it’s impossible to ignore the cost of energy and the cars themselves. The largest selection of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is available in the United States today. The Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell crossover can only be purchased on lease for 36 months with an initial payment of $ 2,999 and a monthly payment of $ 499. The Toyota Miraiis priced at $ 57,500, but the company offers lucrative lease agreements to customers in California, which currently has the most developed gas station infrastructure. Prices for the Honda Clarity Fuel Cell start at $ 34,290. The buyer of a fuel cell car in the United States receives back some of the money from the government as an incentive for participating in the development of green mobility. For example, if you buy Clarity Fuel Cell, your payout will be $ 7,500. In addition to those listed in the US, models such as the Mercedes-Benz F-Cell or Hyundai Nexoare also sold. Britain has its own brand - Riversimple Rasa. Almost all major car manufacturers, from French Renault to General Motors and China's FAW, are planning to launch a series of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.There are dozens of brands offering electric vehicles in the global market. At the moment, less than 10 models are officially presented on the Russian market, including Nissan Leaf 2, Tesla Model 3, BMW i3s, Smart Fortwo Electric Drive and others. The most expensive is a Tesla Model X worth at least 9 million rubles. The cheapest is Renault Twizy for 949 thousand rubles.Commercial charging stations for electric vehicles charge fees not for electricity, but for connection times. The cost ranges from 10 to 15 rubles per minute. With amperage up to 125A and 550V, the Tesla Model 3 battery will be fully charged in about 50 minutes. If the cost of a minute is 10 rubles, you will have to pay 500 rubles for a full cycle. Taking into account the average power reserve of 320 kilometers, the cost of one kilometer will be 1.56 rubles.Since Russia does not have an infrastructure for hydrogen filling stations, the price of fuel for hydrogen cars can only be judged by the markets of other countries. So, in Germany, 1 kilogram of hydrogen costs 9.5 euros, and refueling 4.7 kg (the average volume of the fuel tank) will cost about 45 euros. With a power reserve of 600 km, the cost of one kilometer will be approximately 0.75 euros.And for comparison: in Russia, the cost of 1 kilometer traveled by a car that consumes 10 liters of gasoline with an octane rating of 92 per 100 km is about 4.3 rubles today.If we ignore the high cost of vehicles and the state of infrastructure, it becomes clear that electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are not competitors. Each of them has its own niche. Electric cars are more suitable for movement within the city, while the average range of 600 kilometers of the Toyota Mirai allows it to be used for travel. Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles lose some of their capacity when the temperature drops - therefore, fuel cell vehicles are more suitable for regions with cold climates. And so far there are no technological prerequisites that would allow us to say that these features can be overcome in the future. One thing is clear: the future belongs to exactly one of these two new types of transport.ConclusionThus, the following conclusions can be drawn.It is clear that Tesla is sticking to its strategy and continues to develop its platform. For example, they are now selling their new feature (automatic control) as a classic product - with a one-time payment of $ 10,000. But in the future, Tesla plans to start charging a monthly fee for this feature. Thus, according to Tesla's strategy, the car itself is turning into a platform for providing services.This business model has another advantage. It will enable Tesla to collect data for machine learning and develop true fully self-driving cars, and will give Tesla a critical head start in the next stage of the car competition. And as for the competition of charging stations, if other companies get serious about development, then Tesla may well make its network publicly available for different models, because the benefits from its private use will begin to disappear. We're already seeing the first signs of this discovery - Tesla is hinting that it will share the network with a new partner.Companies that dream of becoming the next Tesla need to analyze why they are so lagging behind. It's unlikely that they are bad at making cars - many of them have been developing cars for over 100 years. But they need to focus on the core infrastructure (in this case, charging networks), without which customers won't be ready to give the newbie a chance. And then can tackle the following issues: data control for autonomous vehicle development and car as a service, not as a product.List of referencesResolution of the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation of 06/28/2020 on the issuance of subsidies for preferential car loans [Electronic resource]. URL: https://ria.ru/20200628/1573578400.html (date of access 04/04/2021).Accumulators, fuel cells and their role in the modern world [Electronic resource] / National platform of open education. - URL: L4QQ / Jhttps: //courses.openedu.ru/courses/course-v1: urfu + CHEMSO + fall_2019 / info (date of access: 04/04/2021).Vlasova, I. Without power: why electric cars do not travel across Russia // Gazeta.Ru. 2020. URL: https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2020/02/02/12939890.shtml (date of access 04.04.2021).Volobuev, A. 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