Сложности перевода каламбуров (игры слов) на основе сериала «Друзья»

Yet the meaning is preserved. Situational humor remains and the audience gets it, while in an ideal case the wordplay should be added to create more humorous effect.Season 01 Episode 20ContextThe scene unfolds in Monica's apartment. Chandler sits at his desk, waiting for an important phone call, while Ross and Phoebe do a crossword puzzle.Source TextTarget TextRoss: Four letters: «Circle or hoop».Chandler: Ring, dammit, ring!Ross: Thanks.Росс: Украшение, 6 букв.Чендлер: Кольцо, черт возьми, кольцо!Росс: Молодец.Translation strategy:substitution and literal translation.The comedy of this situation is based on the polysemy of the English word “ring”. In the first case, it is a noun that means “ring”, and in the other is a verb with the meaning “to call”. Based on this, the dialogue has a surprise effect when Ross thanks Chandler, who was actually on the phone. Thus, it becomes clear that the latter accidentally helped the first to guess the word in the crossword puzzle. Season 04 Episode 07ContextChandler comforts drunk Monica at a party, after which they begin an affair. Later, in a conversation with Ross, Monica's brother, he is very nervous and misunderstands Ross' words.Source TextTarget TextJoey: Have you seen Monica?Chandler: I'm not seeing Monica!Джо: ТыневстречалМонику? Чендлер: Я с ней не встречаюсь!Translation strategy:transposition. Chandler understands the verb see (ST) / встречать (TT) in its figurative meaning, while Ross uses the word in its literal meaning. Chandler's misinterpretation is caused by the immediate situational context, and no one, especially Monica's brother, should have known about it.The Russian translation preserves the situational context with the help of transposition. Moreover, pun is taken into account and preserved.2.2.3 Transfer of Puns based on Lexical Structure (Idiom)Idiomatic expressions are an integral part of the culture and mentality of the people. In American sitcoms, such expressions are present in large numbers, and are difficult for the translator. Many strategies are ineffective in this case, such as word-to-word and literal translation.A characteristic feature of this type of pun is the playing of stable combinations and their individual components.Phraseological puns are carriers of information about the mentality of the nation, lifestyle, culture, etc.One of the most striking examples of using a phraseological pun in the TV series “Friends” is the episode when Joey had a dream in which he is in love with Monica. Season 05 Episode 16ContextJoey had a dream in which he is in love with Monica.Friends notice Joey's strange behavior, but he does not dare to tell them about this dream.Source TextTarget TextMonica: What is going on with you?Joey: Nothing!Chandler: Oh, come on! You’ve been acting strange all day!Joey: All right! There is something. I kinda had a dream, but I don’t wantto talk about it.Chandler: Whoa-whoa-whoa-whoa-whoa, what if Martin Luther King hadsaid that? «I kinda have a dream! I don’t want to talk about it». Моника: Да что с тобой?Джо: Ничего!Чендлер: Да ладно, ты весь день какой-то странный!Джо: Ладно, тут случилось…Мне приснилсясон.Но я не хочу говорить об этом.Чендлер: Стой, стой, стой, а если бы Менделеев сказал: «Знаете, мне приснился сон, но я не хочу говорить об этом»?Translation strategy: adaptation. In this example, a stable expression that is specific to American culture is played out. It refers to the most famous speech of Martin Luther King, the leader of the black rights movement, called "I have a dream". The comic effect of the pun is the opposition of two meanings, the appearance of which is due to the polysemy of the word "dream". In the target text, the culture-specific idiom is translated with the reference to the Russian mentality, the historical significance of the discovery of the periodic table by Dmitry Mendeleev. Thus, the translator compared two events of the same significance for both mentalities. It appeared to be a good strategy in this case.Season 01 Episode 01ContextRachel accepts the desire to live with Monica after running away from her own wedding. Talking to her father on the phone, she tries to defend her independence.Source TextTarget TextRachel: All my life, everyonealways told me, “You're a shoe!You're a shoe!” I stopped and said, “What if I don't wanna be a shoe? What if I want to be a purse? Or a hat?” I don't want you to buy me ahat!Рейчел: Какбудтовсюмоюжизньмнеговорили: «Тытуфля! Тытуфля, тытуфля, тытуфля!»Асегодняявдругпоняла: «Аесли я нехочубытьтуфлей? Аеслия хочу бытьсумочкой?Сумочкойилишляпкой?» Нет, мнененужнановаяшляпка! Шляпка – этоя! Это Метафора, папа!Translationstrategy: repetition – the same words are rendered into the target language.In the original language, Rachel uses an idiomatic expression that means to lead the lifestyle that is expected of you. In this case, a direct translation strategy was used, which was not so successful. The Russian audience does not understand such a metaphor, for us to be a shoe does not mean anything figurative.2.2.3Morphological Structure (Neologisms and Composition)The morphological structure is most often represented by such figures of speech as the creation of a neologism that has a comical effect, or the addition of several bases and the formation of a new term.Season 03 Episode 17ContextAfter Rachel and Ross broke up, friends get stuck in a deserted parking lot. Chandler tries to cool the heat of passion with jokes.Source TextTarget TextChandler: I can handle it. “Handle” is my middle name. Actually, it’s the middle part of my first nameЧендлер: Аямогу. Этовообщемоевторое имя.Частьмоеговторогоимени. «ЧендлерВсёСтерплюБинг».Translation strategy:Chandler claims that he can solve the problem that has arisen (the heroes got lost on the way to the ski slope, and their car ran out of gas), because he is born to cope with difficulties: the word "handle "(one of the meanings of" cope, settle") is contained in the middle of his name Chandler. Russian correspondence to this pun the translator suggested to the audience was not enough.The Russian audience can only wonder why "могу" is Chandler's middle name. Not only is the pun itself lost here, but the meaning is also lost. The translator did not pay enough attention to the episode and decided to translate everything literally, and the result of his work cannot be considered an adequate replacement for the original. Background knowledge is very important in the work of a translator, as it can be very helpful in a difficult moment. 2.2.4Phonological and Graphological StructureGraphological puns are absent in the TV series because written text mainly is not used in the sitcom as a genre. The largest group of studied puns in the TV series “Friends” were phonetic puns, which are based on full or partial homophony. This type of puns is characterized by the predominance of the sound side over the semantic side. Some examples of pun based on phonological structure are presented in this part.Season 05 Episode 13ContextRachel helps Joey to choose clothes “to look sophisticated” and offers him a bag which is “unisex”, suitable for both men and women.Source TextTarget TextJoey: See look, women, carrying the bag. (He puts it on his shoulder and looks at himself in the mirror and likes what he sees.) But it is odd how a women's purse looks good on me, a man.Rachel: Exactly! Unisex!Joey: Maybe you need sex. I had sex a couple days ago.Rachel: No! No Joey! U-N-I-sex.Joey: Well, I ain'tgonna say no to that.Джо: Смотрите, женщины, несите сумку. (Он надевает ее на плечо и смотрит на себя в зеркало, и ему нравится то, что он видит.) Даже странно что мне, мужчине, так идёт женская сумочка.Рейчел: Именно! Унисекс!Джо: Что ещё за "юный секс"? Мне не нужны малолетки!Рейчел: Да нет. "Уни" — для тебя и меня.Джо:Ну... Как от такого откажешься?Translation strategy:partial borrowing of the term unisex and explicitation (information from the SL U-N-I - [ju]-[en]-[aɪ] sex is explicit into «Уни – длятебяименя»). In this example, it is impossible to preserve the formal equivalence in the Russian translation, and the phonological structure of the pun is partly lost. Nevertheless, both meanings of the polysemantic word sex are activated, that is, a humorous effect is achieved.Season 07 Episode 01ContextAfter Chandler's failed attempts, Monica finally proposes to him herself. In the first episode of the season, Ross eagerly visits the betrothed couple to find out the news. The dialogue takes place between Ross and Chandler, Monica is on the balcony.Source TextTarget TextRoss: Where is she?[Cut to Monica out on the balcony.]Monica: (yelling at the top of her lungs) I’m engaged!!!!!! I’m engaged!!!![Cut back inside.]Joey: Yeah, she’s been out there for twenty minutes, I’m surprised you didn’t hear her on the way over.Ross: Oh, I thought it was just a kid yelling, "I’m gay! I’m gay!"Росс: Где она?[Сцена с Моникой на балконе.]Моника (кричит изо всех сил): Я обручена Я обручена!!!![Снова в квартире.]Джо: Она там уже минут 20, странно, что ты не слышал ее с улицы.Росс: А мне показалось, что кто-то кричит: «Я обречена! Я обречена!»Translation strategy:modulation, which means an insignificant or slight change in the meaning. However, the Russian equivalent creates a friendlier, comical attitude to the situation than in the situation with a little boy who declares himself gay.Season 03 Episode 03ContextProving the seriousness of his intentions, Chandler scares off Janice, his girlfriend. Monica and Rachel comfort him with ice cream and soothing speeches.Source TextTarget TextChandler: So I' m not gonna lose her?Rachel: Oh, honey, you' re not a total loser.Чендлер: Так значит, мы останемся вместе?Рейчел: Конечно, милый, мозги у тебя на месте.Translation Strategy: Equivalence.The target language employs different device to express the same idea – Rachel, having misheard Chandler's words “lose her”, reassures him that he is not a “total loser”. What causes the latter's bewilderment and off-screen laughter. In the target language, the meaning remains partially similar - the head is still there-but this is expressed using other language means. In the first part, the translation of “So I' m not gonna lose her?” is transposition when the expression is translated with the help of another class of words, in this case verb + adverb instead of verb + pronoun.Season 04 Episode 07 ContextJoey is dating two girls, Katie and Casey, and Chandler is in love with Katie. Chandler tries to convince Joey to choose between them, hoping that he will choose Casey.Source TextTarget TextChandler : It's time to settle down. Make a choice. Pick a lane.Joey : Who's Elaine?Чендлер: Джо, тебепорасбавитьобороты. Сделатьвыбор. Придерживатьсялинии.Джо: Актоэто – Лилия?Translation Strategy:Literal translations of phraseological unit “pick a lane” and paraphrase in the choice of names.The Russian translation provides both functional and formal equivalence but does not take into account phraseological unit “to pick a lane”. To sound more alike, the translator has chosen the name Лилия in the target text to sound phonologically close to “линии”. The humorous effect is achieved.CONCLUSIONS TO CHAPTER IThe group of lexical puns was the most numerous and diverse. It includes cases where the humorous effect is based on a semantic feature. This group includes units based on the main lexical categories: playing with whole words or parts of them, polysemantic words, homonyms, antonyms, as well as some special cases, such as playing with proper names and abbreviations.Morphological structure is also used quite often in the sitcom under analysis. Most of the examples are neologisms which disappear after the context is finished.Difficulties arouse when a stable expression that is specific to American culture only is played out. Sometimes not only is the pun itself is lost, but the meaning is also lost. The translator can pay not enough attention to some episodes and decide to translate everything literally, and the result of such work cannot be considered an adequate replacement for the original. Background knowledge is very important in the work of a translator, as it can be very helpful in a difficult moment.Among the most successful strategies when translating puns from the source language into the target language are paraphrase, transposition, modulation, adaptation and equivalence. These micro-strategies showed the most appropriate equivalents of the source text. CONCLUSIONIn the situation comedy “Friends”, pun serves not only to create the characters’ traits, but also to truthfully depict the characters' relationships with the people around them, their behavior and reactions to life events. Thus, the English pun is a special way of reflecting reality with the help of linguistic means, and is also an inexhaustible source of information about the peculiarities of the mentality, history and culture of Americans.Theaim of this work was determining the difficulties and main strategies of translating examples of different types of pun according to phonological,lexical (polysemy and idiom), morphological structure, syntactic structure. Having analyzed the examples of pun used in the TV series “Friends”, we came to the conclusion that background knowledge is very important in the work of a translator as some puns require such cross-cultural knowledge. Not all the examples of translation maintained the meaning and/or the effect of the original pun.Moreover, we determined the difficulties of translating different types of pun based on a lexical, phonetic basis and on the basis of phraseological units and define the most successful strategies of transmitting pun into the target language which are paraphrase, transposition, modulation, adaptation and equivalence. In the further work, we find it possible to conduct the experiment examining the most successful strategies of transmitting pun in American comic TV series and their connection with the emotions of the listeners and the level of transmitted humor. Moreover, the Paramount Comedy channel has re-dubbed the wonderful sitcom and on the basis of these material further studies can also be conducted. REFERENCE LISTCrystal, David (2018). Sounds Appealing: The Passionate Story of English Pronunciation. London: Profile Books.Crystal, David (2006). 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