Тон и ударение на уровне слов в английском языке

[ wɒt duː jʊ ˈjuːʒuəli brɪŋ wen jʊ ˈtrævəl]Fall : wɒt duː jʊ ˈjuːʒuəli brɪŋ wen jʊ ˈtrævəl?I usually pack my suitcase with some necessary items such as clothes, medicine, food, a map, and a camera.[ai ˈjuːʒuəli pæk mai ˈsuːtkeɪs wɪð səm ˈnesəsəri ˈaɪtəmz sʌtʃ əz kləʊðz ˈmedsən fuːd ə mæp ənd ə ˈkæmərə]Rise + fall: ai ˈjuːʒuəli pæk mai ˈsuːtkeɪs wɪð səm ˈnesəsəri ˈaɪtəmz sʌtʃ əz kləʊðz ˈmedsən fuːd ə mæp ənd ə ˈkæmərə.Do you prefer traveling by car, train or plane?[du jʊ prɪˈfɜː ˈtrævəliŋ baɪ kɑː treɪn ə pleɪn ]Fall+ fall : du jʊ prɪˈfɜː ˈtrævəliŋ baɪ kɑː treɪn ə pleɪn I prefer planes although it can be a little expensive. [ai prɪˈfɜ pleɪns ɔːlˈðəʊ it kən bi ə ˈlɪtl ikˈspensɪv ]Fall+ fall: ai prɪˈfɜ pleɪns ɔːlˈðəʊ it kən bi ə ˈlɪtl ikˈspensɪvPlanes are much faster than any other mode of transport.[pleɪns ə mʌtʃ fɑːstə ðən ˈeni ˈʌðə məʊd əv trænspɔːt]Rise + fall: pleɪns ə mʌtʃ fɑːstə ðən ˈeni ˈʌðə məʊd əv trænspɔːtDo you prefer traveling alone or joining a guided tour?[du jʊ prɪˈfɜː ˈtrævəliŋ əˈləʊn ə dʒɔɪniŋ ə ɡaɪdid tʊə ]Fall+ rise : du jʊ prɪˈfɜː ˈtrævəliŋ əˈləʊn ə dʒɔɪniŋ ə ɡaɪdid tʊə?I love backpacking with my friends who share the same interests as me.[ai lʌv ˈbækˌpækɪŋ wɪð, mai frendz hu:ʃeə ðə seɪm ˈɪntrɪst əz miː]Fall+fall : ai lʌv ˈbækˌpækɪŋ wɪð, mai frendz hu:ʃeə ðə seɪm ˈɪntrɪst əz miː]To sum it up, we can see that the falling tone is used at the end of statements (English, but sometimes I have to use body language since not all people are good at English., special questions(What do you usually bring when you travel?) (and in the last part of alternative questions (Do you prefer traveling alone or joining a guided tour?). The falling tone expresses finality, completeness, confidence. The falling tone begins on the last stressed syllable of the sentence and goes down, ending near the bottom of the normal speaking range.The rising tone is used at the end of general questions (Do you prefer traveling alone or joining a guided tour?) and in enumerations (Before the trip, I search for information about the location, weather, famous tourist attractions, transportation, local cuisine and prices on the internet). Depending on the context, the rising tone may express interest, politeness, surprise, doubt, incompleteness, and so on. The rising tone begins on the last stressed syllable of the sentence and first goes down just a little and then continues going up. 2.2. Modifications of the tone and stress structure of English polysyllabic words in spontaneous speechHow many places have you traveled to?[ haʊ ˈmeni pleɪsiz həv  jʊ ˈtrævəld tə ]I’ve visited all the provinces throughout my country.[aiv visited ɔːl ðə ˈprɒvəns θruːˈaʊt mai ˈkʌntri]Who do you usually go with?[huː duː jʊ ˈjuːʒuəli ɡəʊ wɪð ]I often go with my family, sometimes with my best friends.[ai ˈɒfən ɡəʊ wɪð mai ˈfæməli ˈsʌmtaɪmz wɪð mai best frendz ]What’s your favorite tourist attraction?[wɒts jə ˈfeɪvərətˈtʊərɪst əˈtrækʃən]That would be Venice city in Italy. [ðæt wʊd bi ˈvenɪs ˈsɪti in ˈɪtəli ]I love riding the gondola along the canals while watching Italian people live their daily lives.[ai lʌv ˈraɪdɪŋ ðə ˈɡɒndələ əˈlɒŋ ðə kəˈnælz waɪl wɒtʃiŋ ɪˈtæliənˈpiːpəl lɪv ðeə ˈdeɪli laivz]Have you ever been abroad?[hæv jʊ ˈevə biːn əˈbrɔːd]Yes, I have. [jes ai həv]I came to Italy last year for a business trip.[ai ˈkeim tə ˈɪtəli lɑːst  jɪə fə ə ˈbɪznəs trip ]What language do you use when traveling?[wɒt ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ duː jʊ juːz wen ˈtrævəliŋ ]English, but sometimes I have to use body language since not all people are good at English.[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ bət ˈsʌmtaɪmz ai hæv tʊ juːz ˈbɒdi ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ sɪns nɒt ɔːl ˈpiːpəl əɡʊd ət ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]What do you usually do during your trip?[wɒt duː jʊ ˈjuːʒuəli duː ˈdjʊərɪŋ  jə trɪp]I often go sightseeing, take pictures, mingle with the local people and sample the local cuisine.[ai ˈɒfən ɡəʊ ˈsaɪtˌsiːɪŋ teik ˈpɪktʃəz mingle wɪð ðə ˈləʊkəl ˈpiːpəl ənd ˈsɑːmpəl ðə ˈləʊkəl kwɪˈziːn ]What do you do to prepare for your trip?[wɒt du: jʊ du: tə prɪˈpeə  fə jə trip]Before the trip, I search for information about the location, weather, famous tourist attractions, transportation, local cuisine and prices on the internet.[bɪˈfɔː ðə trip ai sɜːtʃ fɔː ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən əˈbaʊt ðə ləʊˈkeɪʃən ˈweðə ˈfeɪməs ˈtʊərɪst əˈtrækʃəns ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən ˈləʊkəl  kwɪˈziːn ənd praɪsis ɒn ðə ˈɪntənet ]What do you usually bring when you travel?[ wɒt duː jʊ ˈjuːʒuəli brɪŋ wen jʊ ˈtrævəl]I usually pack my suitcase with some necessary items such as clothes, medicine, food, a map, and a camera.[ai ˈjuːʒuəli pæk mai ˈsuːtkeɪs wɪð səm ˈnesəsəri ˈaɪtəmz sʌtʃ əz kləʊðz ˈmedsən fuːd ə mæp ənd ə ˈkæmərə]Do you prefer traveling by car, train or plane?[du jʊ prɪˈfɜː ˈtrævəliŋ baɪ kɑː treɪn ə pleɪn ]I prefer planes although it can be a little expensive. [ai prɪˈfɜ pleɪns ɔːlˈðəʊ it kən bi ə ˈlɪtl ikˈspensɪv ]Planes are much faster than any other mode of transport.[pleɪns ə mʌtʃ fɑːstə ðən ˈeni ˈʌðə məʊd əv trænspɔːt]Do you prefer traveling alone or joining a guided tour?[du jʊ prɪˈfɜː ˈtrævəliŋ əˈləʊn ə dʒɔɪniŋ ə ɡaɪdid tʊə ]I love backpacking with my friends who share the same interests as me.[ai lʌv ˈbækˌpækɪŋ wɪð, mai frendz hu:ʃeə ðə seɪm ˈɪntrɪst əz miː]1.Thus, in this paragraph, all types of verb stress were considered, especially attention is paid to the types of stress on the basis of sound correlation in a polysyllabic word, where there are: main stress, secondary stress and third-degree stress.2. The emergence of accent variants in spontaneous speaking occurs due to the influence of rhythmic and intonational factors on the accent structure of a polysyllabic word, tempo instability, emotional saturation of words, and the presence of special words in the intonation group. These factors act both separately and in a complex.3. The disappearance of secondary stress, due to its instability, is the most common modification of the accent structure of a polysyllabic word in spontaneous speech.4. The appearance of secondary stress was also one of the frequency modifications in spontaneous speech. Its occurrence can be explained by the peculiarities of spontaneous speaking, the speaker's thinking about his speech.CONCLUSIONAnalysis of the results obtained in linguistics to date allows linguists to conclude that rhythm is an integral characteristic of both poetic and prose literary work, its subsystem with its organization logic and thematic integrity. Speech rhythm is the periodicity of similar and commensurate speech phenomena. In speech, is chronicity exists only at the level of perception. Periodicity in speech at the phonetic level is created by various factors: sound (segment) and prosodic (suprasegment). Sound periodicity includes the change of consonants and vowels, the repetition of the same sounds (alliteration, assonance) or a group of sounds, etc. Prosodic include the frequency of use of certain tones, accent structures, melodic contours, etc. In most cases, this periodicity is not recognized by either the speaker or the listener, but everyone feels it. This is especially pronounced in a live dialogue or polylog, when speakers, tuning in to a certain rhythm, try to maintain it.Domestic and foreign researchers working on this issue have clearly shown that the general picture of the rhythm in the work consists of specific rhythmic elements manifested in the speech tissue of the prose text. The rhythmic organization of a literary work ensures the connectivity and integrity of the text, facilitates its perception and memorization, and creates an aesthetic effect.In this work, phonetic phenomena such as the stress and rhythm of the English phrase were examined and analyzed.During the study, a number of tasks were completed, one of which was the study of the accent and rhythmic design of English speech. As a result, it turned out that in English phrasal stress and rhythm play an important role in the design of speech: they are a means of manifesting a structuring, text-forming and expressive-emotional function.In line with the objectives, the following conclusions were drawn:1. Phrasal stress is an important means of speech design. It organizes a statement, serves as the basis of the rhythmic structure of the phrase, identifies the semantic center of the sentence. Rhythm is considered as a uniform alternation of percussion and unstressed syllables. Native speakers do not realize the rhythm of their speech (just like they, for example, do not think about the emphasis in the words of their native language): the rhythm is realized by the speaker and is perceived automatically by the listener. However, as a phenomenon of speech, rhythm has certain functions (organizing, aesthetic, semantic) whose performance, along with the influence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors, also predetermines its character and features in one or another type of speech activity.2. Most pheneticists agree that the arrangement of emphasis in a sentence is due primarily to semantic-syntactic factors: highlighting a certain syllable in a word, a single stress identifies the entire word as a whole unit, but not every word in the sentence is distinguished by stress. Phrasal stress usually receives words that are most important in content.3. Analysis of the phonetic structure of the sentence shows that the accent structure of the word is able to predefine the emphasis in the phrase to a certain extent. At the same time, the rhythmic organization of a phrase in English can change the degree and place of verbal emphasis, create new versions of accent structures.4. English is a language with rhythmic emphasis. The free stress is to some extent determined by the rhythmic organization of the sentence, the rhythmic speech skills of speakers of this language. Frivolous stress is closely related to rhythm, since in order to preserve the rhythmic structure of speech, an increase or weakening of verbal or frivolous stress is very often observed. And for the phonetic literacy of the speaker, the ability to place a phonetic stress and at the same time not violate the rhythmic system of speech is important.So, the results of our study showed that learning and further mastering speech processing tools such as phrasal stress and speech rhythm is an important stage in the formation of English skills. To correctly design speech, you need to know the features of the emphasis in the English sentence and the rhythmic structure of the phrase.Thus, when learning English, great attention should be paid to the correct accentual-rhythmic organization of speech.REFERNCES1.Бондарко Л.В., Вербицкая Л.А., Гордина М.В. Основы общей фонетики. - СПб.: Высшая школа, 2000. - 146 с.2.Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П., и др. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка. - М.: Гуманитар. изд. центр Владос, 2004. - 286 с.3. Шахбагова Д.А. Фонетические особенности произносительных вариантов английского языка. - М.: Высш. школа, 1982. - 128 с.4.Ball, M.J. and Rahilly, J. 1999. The science of speech. London: Arnold Publishers.5.Çelik, M. 2003. Learning intonation and stress. Ankara: Gazi6. Chen Wenkai (2013). An Empirical Study on the Acquisition of English Rising Tone by Chinese EFL Learners’. English Language Teaching, 6 (6) : 97- 102.7. Ladefoged, P. 2001. A course in phonetics. San Diego: Harcourt Brace.Roach, P. 1983 English phonetics and phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press8. Hancock M. English Pronunciation in Use/M.Hancock.-Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2004.-200p.9. Parker, Ray. 2000. An Introduction to the Phonology of English for Teachers of ESOL. ELB Publishing.APPENDIX 1Dialogue-How many places have you traveled to?-I’ve visited all the provinces throughout my country.-Who do you usually go with?-I often go with my family, sometimes with my best friends.-What’s your favorite tourist attraction?-That would be Venice city in Italy. I love riding the gondola along the canals while watching Italian people live their daily lives.-Have you ever been abroad?-Yes, I have. I came to Italy last year for a business trip.-What language do you use when traveling?-English, but sometimes I have to use body language since not all people are good at English.-What do you usually do during your trip?-I often go sightseeing, take pictures, mingle with the local people and sample the local cuisine.-What do you do to prepare for your trip?-Before the trip, I search for information about the location, weather, famous tourist attractions, transportation, local cuisine and prices on the internet.-What do you usually bring when you travel?-I usually pack my suitcase with some necessary items such as clothes, medicine, food, a map, and a camera.-Do you prefer traveling by car, train or plane?-I prefer planes although it can be a little expensive. Planes are much faster than any other mode of transport.-Do you prefer traveling alone or joining a guided tour?-I love backpacking with my friends who share the same interests as me. [10].