Linguistic ways of expressing anger and joy in English and Russian

If we talk about the linguistic realization of emotions in languages, one should take into account the history of the development of the people and their culture, and the corresponding changes in the language associated with them. So, for example, when analyzing the origin of the vocabulary expressing joy and anger in the English language, one should take into account the country's history, the British colonial past, brutal civil wars, internal and external religious conflicts. At the same time, it can be assumed that the frequent manifestations of positive emotions associated with the historical development of the country contributed to the emergence of a significant number of linguistic means explaining feelings. It can also be assumed that the dominant emotion in English-speaking cultures is anger, which is undoubtedly condemned in society, as evidenced by the following deliberately aggressive figurative objects used in the English language: flame of anger. Behind each representative expression of emotions there is a cognitive image of an undifferentiated sensory or analytical representational-figurative concept - a set of essential features of a person's emotional experience as an embodiment of the spiritual experience of a linguistic culture [Ушаков 2018:34].Researcher N.P. Silinskaya distinguished anger from emotions (anger, anger, irritation), and this concept found wider reflection in the picture of the world of English phraseology in comparison with other concepts of negative emotions [Силинская 2008: 49].In English, the word "anger" refers to belligerent and aggressive emotions with many different connotations (eg, anger, resentment, irritation, discomfort, impatience, hot temper), indicating its rich conceptual and categorical structure.A state of protest and, as a rule, the presence of objective reasons - deception, insults, injustice - are characteristic of such feelings. Feelings of anger mobilize energy, prepare for action, give strength and courage to defend themselves as a person, and provoke positive action[Силинская 2008: 50].Emotional anger in its own expressive expression is understood as a natural phenomenon firmly connected with human physiology and somatic reactions inherent in humans and animals. In English, characteristic internal states, physiological manifestations, verbal and non-verbal expressions of emotional anger, the circumstances of its excitement, causal relationships of emotions, processes and changes in the intensity of emotions, the consequences of its excitement, which are also included in the semantic structure of the concept, are expressed.The concept of "anxiety" also exists in English and is closely related to the state of latent anxiety, anger and fear. In language, there is the concept of existential fear, that is, fear of the dangers of earthly existence, fear of being in general. This fear can be caused by situations of uncertainty, changes in a person, new unexpected situations. "Fear of uncertainty" is characteristic of cultures with a high level of uncertainty avoidance. In cultures with high levels of uncertainty avoidance, people experience a sense of confidence.Key findings to chapter 1In connection with the foregoing, emotivity, being one of the most complex linguistic categories, is today a topical object of many studies. It is directly related to the manifestation of the subjective principle in language, which reveals the content of the individual consciousness of representatives of a particular linguistic community. On the other hand, any language is characterized by its emotive fund, which reflects the culturally specific characteristics of an ethnic group. In this regard, the study of the features of the verbalization of emotions in different ethnic cultures will make it possible to clarify and correct the strategies of cross-cultural interaction, which proves the relevance of this kind of research.It should be noted that for the expressive expression of the author's thought and the reader's sensation of the very emotion that was assumed, it is necessary to have a rich vocabulary. To date, we know little about the repertoire of natural emotional words and whether they are associated with emotional functioning. Linguistic principles suggest that the richness or variety of actively used emotional vocabularies of individuals may correspond to their typical emotional experiences. What's more, it is suggested that having a rich vocabulary of negative emotions can help you cope with adversity. Here the authors show that vocabularies of emotion simply reflect life experience, with richer vocabularies of negative emotions reflecting lower mental health, and richer vocabularies of positive emotions reflecting higher mental health.Chapter 2. Analysis of linguistic ways of expressing anger and joy in English and Russian2.1 Features of the linguistic expression of joy in English and Russian2.2 Features of the linguistic expression of anger in English and RussianKey findings to chapter 2Thus, the following conclusion can be drawn. In general, in English and Russian linguocultures, similar means of expressing emotions are presented.Joy. At the lexical level, emotion is expressed with the help of emotionally colored affective adjectives with positive connotations, clichéd phrases, at the syntax level - with the help of exclamations, repetitions and emphatic constructions.Nevertheless, a number of some differences can be identified, indicating different ways of perception of the two linguistic groups, and, consequently, different ways of representing the emotion under study.In the Russian language, a whole variety of interjections and interjections are presented, explicating the emotion "joy" in the speech of the speakers. In English linguoculture, interjections are less common, and high emotionality of speech is often achieved with the help of reinforcing adverbs (absolutely, really). For the Russian linguoculture, the use of interjection expressions with a sacred semantic component (Thank God, Thank God) is more characteristic, since the feeling of dependence of everything that happens on a higher power and the inability to control the state of affairs in the world is specific for a Russian person.Due to the fact that the Russian language is synthetic, the Russian language has great potential for using diminutive suffixes when expressing the emotion "joy", which, to some extent, makes speech more expressive and emotional compared to English. Although the linguocultural approach to the study of emotions appeared relatively recently, there are already a number of works related to the linguistic representation of emotions in different ethnic cultures [Безруков 2016: 57]. Differences in the linguistic representation of certain emotions in different ethnic cultures allow one to come to conclusions about the national pictures of feelings and the emotional potential of a particular linguistic code.ConclusionEmotions and a person are inseparable - human consciousness is capable not only of producing and stating information, but, perceiving and transmitting messages, experience various feelings, experience various emotional states that are reflected in the language. The interest of linguists in various ways of representing emotions in a language has caused the emergence of a new direction of research - the linguistics of emotions or emotiology.So, the data we have examined make it possible not only to distinguish between the ways of expressing emotionality in English and Russian languages, that is, to determine their ethnospecific, unique features, but also to find identical ones that allow the two languages to freely interact with each other, which can be especially relevant for scientific research.As a result of the study, the authors came to the following conclusions. First, emotions are capable of being represented in the language at different levels. The emotion "joy" at the lexical level, both in English and in Russian, is expressed with the help of emotionally colored affective adjectives with positive connotations, cliché phrases, interjections; syntactically - with the help of exclamations, repetitions and emphatic constructions. Morphological means of expressing joy are more characteristic of the Russian language. Secondly, the problem of linguistic representation must be investigated taking into account the specifics of the expression of emotionality in different linguistic pictures of the world. When manifested in the modern literary language, the emotion "joy" is capable of reflecting the linguoculturological characteristics of language groups.The object of this study was the emotions "joy" and "anger" in modern English and Russian languages.The subject of this research was the peculiarities of the representation of the emotion "joy" and "anger" in modern English and Russian languages.The purpose of this work is to identify the main ways of linguistic expression of the emotion "joy" in modern English and Russian languages ​​through comparative analysis.To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:the concepts of "emotionality" and "emotionality" in modern linguistics were studied;the concept of emotions as a linguocultural and linguopsychological aspect was considered;the features of the linguistic expression of joy and anger in the English and Russian languages were considered.Thus, in the course of the study, the tasks are completed, the goals are achieved.ReferencesCambridge Dictionary for Advanced learners. 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