English Punctuation System Пунктуационная система английского языка

Errors possible in cases of quoting text are possible only if one is unaware of the rules for using punctuation marks.DashesDashes are sometimes called the "enemy" of grammar. In modern mobile and electronic English, dashes are very popular along with substitute numbers (such numbers are embedded in a word, replacing some of its letters - for example, "I'll do it 4you", stands for "I'll do it for you"). Their use is explained by the desire for brevity.I saw Sam - he looked gr8 - have you seen him - what time is the meeting 2day - C U tomorrow.A dash here replaces all punctuation marks for two reasons - it is the easiest to use and in most cases it is difficult to make a mistake with a dash.Dashes are designed to connect separate parts of sentences and separate sentences.There is such a thing as a double dash. It is used to replace parentheses and to indicate an insertion structure.He was (I still can't believe this!) trying to climb in the window.He was - I still can't believe this! - trying to climb in the window.Logically and semantically, the two sentences are virtually indistinguishable.HyphenationA guide to Old English from Oxford University Press in New York suggested, "If you take hyphens seriously, you will definitely go crazy. This is true. We don't usually notice the hyphen when we read it. Hyphens are used to join words, their parts: suffixes, prefixes. For example: teeny-weeny, hooked-on. People have often argued about the purpose of the hyphen. Woodrow Wilson said the hyphen was "the most un-American thing in the world" (note the hyphen in the word un-American). Churchill argued that the hyphen is "a stain to be avoided wherever possible.The word hyphen came into English from Greek and meant "into one" (in the sense of joining - into one). The hyphen, as mentioned above, connects words, but at the same time preserves their separation. It is this dual property that gives the hyphen its greater meaning. Often on the Internet there is a merging of words in website addresses and e-mail addresses. For example, tombraiderchronicles, theminitimemachine. Creators of sites deliberately miss the hyphen in the domains (although the use of hyphens is allowed) to address looked more elegant. Although sometimes it becomes quite difficult to understand what are the words that are encrypted in what we see in front of us, and how many of them in general? There is also a tendency for people to merge words in writing sometimes.Consider options for the correct use of the hyphen:Words in which it is acceptable to use a hyphen to avoid ambiguity: co-respondent; re-formed; re-mark.However, one should be careful when placing the hyphen and consider the context. Oddly enough, in the phrase newspaper style book, the hyphen can determine the meaning. A hyphen between newspaper and style translates "newspaper style book. Hyphens between style and book give a different translation: "newspaper style".1. Hyphens should be used when writing numbers:twenty-one, fifty-four, etc.2. Hyphens are used in compound nouns and adjectives:London-Brighton train.Russian-American relations.Some publishers use a small hyphen to fulfill this function.3. A hyphen is used to connect an adjective and a noun in a word combination that is used to characterize another noun:Stainless-steel kitchen (the word combination stainless steel characterizes the noun kitchen).4. A hyphen is used when combining some prefixes:pro-hyphens, quasi-grammatical5. A hyphen is used when a word is to be spelled:A-L-P-H-A-B-E-T6. A hyphen is used to avoid a "letter collision" when joining words where the junction produces the same sound:de-ice (deice); shell-like (shelllike).7. A hyphen is used to transfer words from line to line;8. A hyphen indicates that in a given place it should be read separately (if the written implies repetition (in the case of stuttering, for example)):I reached w-w-w-watering can.When a hyphenated phrase is coming up, and you are qualifying it beforehand:He was a two- or three-year-old.Let's look at a few specific uses of hyphens:re-enter (better than reenter); post-doc (better than postdoc); foot-pedal (better than foot pedal); second-hand (better than second-hand).If the rules were followed exactly, then the use of hyphens would not resemble the mess we see now. It is very common to see this non-standard spelling of the word "to-morrow. For some reason, the name Oxford Street is also transformed from Oxford Street to Oxford-street.Thus, we can understand that the hyphen is used extremely freely and rashly in English. Strengthening the rules in society for this language is just as necessary as for other signs.BracketsAll brackets are divided into several types:Round ();Square [];Curly brackets {};Angular brackets <>.Angular brackets were the earliest of all the listed types. However, after the 16th century round brackets became popular. Nowadays the last two types of brackets are practically not used.Let's look at the functions of parentheses:Parentheses:Insertion: I came to the class (5 minutes later) and immediately started to write the essay. Emphasize authorial attitude: Tom Jones was blamed for some earthquakes (isn't that interesting?).Square brackets:Indication that the quotation has been used unchanged at this point: She had used [Peter Smith] for quite a number of examples now.Emphasis [sic], which is the abbreviated Latin sicut, "just as: The [sic] indicates a subsequent error by the author who is quoted in the sentence. She asked for "a packet of Starburst [sic].EllipsisAs you know, the ellipsis is a sign that looks like three dots. The ellipsis is rarely used in English. The ellipsis, as Lynne Truss writes, "Is a perfect way to end something". In the press and in print, the ellipsis is usually used for:Indicating the omission of words in a quoted paragraph;Concluding a thought in an intriguing (meaningful) manner.Lynne Truss in "Eats, Shoots and Leaves" also points out that the ellipsis is not described in modern grammar reference materials. The ellipsis is a kind of "black hole" in English punctuation. The situation is saved by the fact that the ellipsis is usually correctly used by people, because it is intuitively understood that the ellipsis stands for a long pause.ConclusionIn English, punctuation has a more logical-communicative character and is more closely related to meaning and intonation. Punctuation can indicate logical emphasis, indicate the boundaries of a rhythmic group, signal a pause, etc., and it can be absent where it should be according to the syntax.Although in some cases, punctuation is dictated purely by communicative considerations, is situationally conditioned and depends entirely on the writer, in English the use of punctuation is subject to well-defined rules. Thus, English punctuation is a strictly regulated and at the same time creative notion.Punctuation rules exist in the English language and we have to know them in order to avoid mistakes. Working on this topic has helped us to study each punctuation mark, highlight the main rules of their use and see the typical mistakes.The main reason for problems with punctuation is a dual approach to English grammar. All punctuation marks cause difficulties if one is not familiar with the rules of their use.A detailed description of the problematic areas of English punctuation is made in this paper.In general, the English punctuation system is simpler than the Russian system. It uses fewer punctuation marks, and they fulfill their real role: eliminating misunderstandings. As for everyday speech, for example, a comma is needed far less often in English than in Russian. Direct speech and quotations are also made easier, without unnecessary punctuation marks. An effective way to train English punctuation skills is to read English texts and make up examples with the same structure.Bibliography1) Polankina S.Y. Practical course of the first language studied. English punctuation: in theory and in practice. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSTU, 2018 - 90 p.2) Rushinskaya I.S. English punctuation. - M.: FLINTA, 2014. - 238p.3) Ryabova M. Y. 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The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way. HarperCollins.11) Lynnee Truss. Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. London: Profile Books.