Особенности словообразования прилагательных в английском языке на материале книги Стивен Кинг

” “Loaded guns, loaded men, somebody always got hurt sooner or later, fluorescent-orange hats and vests or not.” “Roger’s bright-yellow Honda Civic was gone from its space.” “He was a thin man with a scrawny-strong physique, a big blade nose, and a quiet, agile way of walking.” “His coat was plated with brownish-green mud, as if he had been rolling around in the boggy place at the bottom of the meadow.” “She asked Roger with that professional twinkly smile that seemed to say she had been overjoyed to get up this morning at five thirty to make the upsy-downsy run from Bangor to Portland to Boston to New York to Atlanta.” “There was a sickish-sweet smell in here that he didn’t like, but at first he thought it was the honeysuckle.” “It sent white-hot shards of agony into his decomposing brain.” “She uttered a shaky, semi-hysterical laugh.” “It was humiliating and demeaning to have to try and pee into a Thermos bottle, sure it was, but it didn’t matter because the mailman was coming — even now he would be loading his small blue-and-white truck at the ivy-covered brick post office on Carbine Street . . . or maybe he had already begun his route, working his way out Route 117 toward the Maple Sugar Road.” “George Meara, the mailman, lifted one leg clad in blue-gray Post Office issue and farted.” “His cock stood out stiffly from a mass of reddish-gold pubic hair.” “He had convinced himself that trashing the Trentons’ house had not been an act of half-mad jealous pique but a piece of revolutionary anarchy — offing a couple of fat middle-class pigs, the sort who made it easy for the fascist overlords to remain in power by blindly paying their taxes and their telephone bills.” “The sun sat on the horizon, round and scarlet-orange.” “She pulled the doorhandle up, her hand sweat-slick.” “The flies rose in a shiny green-black cloud.” “The ashes went out with the trash and were disposed of at the Augusta waste-treatment plant.” “But his second-quarter marks had been a lot better.” “The sound of the ball bat making contact was heavy and terrible, a butcher-shop sound.” “Summers was on the fourteenth floor of a big, stupid-looking, energy-efficient skyscraper.” “Before he had gotten two steps, he saw that the entire driver’s side window was a buckled mass of shatter-shot cracks.” “She watched a fat woman with a lumpy behind packed into avocado-colored slacks pull a food-stamp booklet out of her purse, saw the checkout girl roll her eyes at the girl running the next register, and felt the sharp rat-teeth of panic gnawing at her belly.” “In this curiously scaled-down situation — this life-or-death situation — even having to go to the bathroom became a skirmish.” “She hadn’t told because Holly had entrenched herself in her upper-middle-class suburban life like a watchful soldier in a foxhole.” “The harshness was now breaking up into bewilderment, and he felt the sting of helpless little-boy tears at the corners of his eyes.”present compound adjectives with second component adjective/noun–28examples.It can be noticed that most often author uses compound adjectives consisting from coloursto more subtly describe the colors of the objects in the novel. In addition, there are presented more compound adjectives that have a second component adjective.Twenty-four examples present adjective with second component noun with suffix -ed: “But Tad did not sleep for a long time, and before he did the closet door swung clear of its latch with a sly little snicking sound, the dead mouth opened on the dead dark — the dead dark where something furry and sharp-toothed and paw-clawed waited, something that smelled of sour blood and dark doom.” “But here he was, along with the bones of the good-sized fieldmouse he had chased inside.” “For the Sony Corporation, a picture of a man sitting cross-legged on the median strip of a sixteen-lane superhighway in a business suit, a big Sony radio on his lap, a seraphic smile on his kisser.” “Standing arrogantly hipshot on the golden beach of some tropical paradise, the model was a fifty-year-old man with tattoos, a beer belly, slab-muscled arms and legs, and a puckered scar high across one thigh.” “As far as he was concerned they were all a bunch of long-haired muff-diving crab-crawling asshole pinkofucksticks.” “He always kept a few on hand for Cujo, who was one of your old-fashioned, dyed-in-the-wool good dogs.” “She muttered, grabbed her bag of groceries, and got out, a pretty, dark-haired woman of twenty-nine, tall, gray-eyed.” “Accompanying each check was a polite note saying he was very sorry to have caused any inconvenience, but his mother had been taken suddenly and seriously ill (every red-blooded American was a sucker for a mom-story).” “Well, Roger had answered, straight-faced, we could be working on the Bon Vivant Vichyssoise account.” “Camber flattened the paper out with one blunt-fingered hand and stared it up and down.” “She lay hot-eyed and straight in bed, and just before Brett came in, his arrival announced by Cujo’s barks and the slam of the back-door screen, the moon rose in all its silvery, detached glory.” “The customer had been a one-eyed fellow named Ray Crowell from up Fryeburg way.” “Some of them were round-headed guys scrounged from his PlaySkool toys.” “He was bent over now, holding the gravy boat out, the drawstring of his pajama trousers making a right-angled white line to the horizontal plane of the red and black linoleum floor.” “He had looked at himself this morning in one of the toothpaste-spotted mirrors and had thought he looked old.” “He had been dry-mouthed with excitement.” “Big pieces of black-backed mirror fell onto the floor like chunks of a jigsaw puzzle.” “He was not four-footed Fate.” “He landed where she had been and skidded stiff-legged in the gravel, giving her a precious extra second.” “It was dusk, and the sky was dark with wheeling, red-eyed bats.” “He closed the closet door and watched, as wide-eyed as a child, as the latch lifted and popped free of its notch.” “Roger got the last Cereal Professor commercial on the rails single-handed.” “The big dog seemed to have shrunk inside his matted and blood-streaked coat.”Compound adjectives contained second component noun with suffix -ed are presented most commonly in the text than compound adjectives with second component adjective or noun. Moreover, they are more often represented in the predicative function.Twenty-five examples present examples with second component past participle:“He looked from his father to his mother and back again — their big, well-loved faces.” “Somewhere far away, in some still meadow of night or along some pine-edged corridor of forest, a dog barked furiously and then fell silent.” “If loyalty was toilet paper, Roger had said bitterly, we’d be hard-pressed to wipe our asses, old buddy.” “Her skin was too white, her eyes red-rimmed.” “Donna was standing beside him, looking young and fresh in a pair of white shorts and a red-checked sleeveless blouse.” “In his mind was a half-formed idea that perhaps Tad was sleepwalking; perhaps going into his closet and urinating in there as a part of some odd dream cycle.” “Three hours ago, Charity Camber and her still-dazzled son had gone into Portland Machine’s main office on Brighton Avenue and she had written a personal check for a new Jörgenchainfall — wholesale had turned out to be exactly $1,241.71, tax included.” “She paused and he only sat there, a half-eaten slice of Wonder Bread in one hand, steak juice on his chin.” “Scrambled, fried, poached, or hard-boiled, Tad gobbled them up.” “Brett noted she was wearing a peach-colored bra, and that had also amazed him.” “A panting, slat-sided yellow dog had drifted by outside that Amoco station like a ghost.” “He had come out with a .30-.30 clutched in his greasy, big-knuckled hands.” “She watched a fat woman with a lumpy behind packed into avocado-colored slacks pull a food-stamp booklet out of her purse, saw the checkout girl roll her eyes at the girl running the next register, and felt the sharp rat-teeth of panic gnawing at her belly.” “She filled Tad’s Thermos with milk and half-filled Vic’s big Thermos, the one he took on camping trips.” “City ears and town ears are more closely attuned to man-made sounds; those that nature makes tend to fall outside the tightly drawn net of selective perception.” “And a moment later Cujo’s foam-covered, twisted face popped up outside her window, only inches away, like a horror-movie monster that has decided to give the audience the ultimate thrill by coming right out of the screen.” “At a long trestle table there were at least four dozen people, passing platters of corn on the cob and dishes of home-baked beans — pea beans, soldier beans, red kidney beans.” “The silence began to give up its little sounds as she lay awake and listening, looking at the thin five-o’clock light that fell between the half-drawn curtains.” “For a moment she felt a totally insane urge to tear the sweat-stained, creased sheet of yellow legal paper to bits and toss them out her window, so much fluttering confetti.” “As the sickness had tightened down on him, sinking into his nervous system like a ravenous grassfire, all dove-gray smoke and low rose-colored flame, as it continued to go about its work of destroying his established patterns of thought and behavior, it had somehow deepened his cunning.” “Big glasses of fresh-squeezed orange juice so cold that moisture beaded the glass.” “The State Police detective and Bannerman were still here, waiting for instructions like well-trained dogs.” “His feelings were remarkably like those of Joe Camber himself when, two days before, Joe had discovered the splatters of blood (only now these were dried and maroon-colored) and the smashed bottom panel of the screen door.” “The paper was a sentimental lie, its sentiments as inconstant as the color in that stupid runny-dyed cereal.” “It pounced on the man in the blood-spattered blue shirt and the khaki pants again.”Compound adjectives with second component past participle are found throughout the whole novel and are more often used by the author to describe objects than people.Eighteen examples present adjectives with second component present participle:“Low to the ground it was, with huge shoulders bulking above its cocked head, its eyes amber-glowing pits — a thing that might have been half man, half wolf.” “He spoke to the millions of T-shirted, cereal-slurping, cartoon-watching Saturday-morning viewers as though they were real people.” “Sharp Cereals — Twinkles, Cocoa Bears, Bran-16, and Sharp All-Grain Blend — are the best-tasting cereals in America.” “As far as he was concerned they were all a bunch of long-haired muff-diving crab-crawling asshole pinkofucksticks.” “Cujo sat up, and Gary saw a short but ugly-looking scratch healing on the dog’s muzzle.” “Of course, she was a good-looking woman, and he supposed there was always the possibility that Trenton might discount what he had written so far.” “Joe’s eyes were big and scared-looking.” “A terrible stomach cramp seized him as he finished voiding himself — they had been getting more common lately — and as he doubled up a large and foul-smelling flatulence purred out from between his skinny shanks.” “Donna could see cheap-looking plastic toys in the weeds.” “They were climbing another long slope up one of these eroded hills (as advertised, the sides of the road were now lined with dusty, heat-drooping maples) when the Pinto began to buck and jolt again.” “Her beginning-to-dream mind saw a gathering of fifty people or more on a green lawn of TV-commercial size and beauty.” “Donna uttered a short, cracked-sounding chuckle.” “Tad got up on his knees and was surprised at the lightness that ran lazily through his head, like a slow-breaking wave.” “It was quite comfortable in the car now, and Tad’s half-lidded, half-swooning state had become a real sleep.” “Summers was on the fourteenth floor of a big, stupid-looking, energy-efficient skyscraper.” “His tongue, swelled and dead-looking, protruded over his bottom lip.” “Tad’s trucks were lined up neatly against the wall, slant-parking style.”There are quite a few examples of compound adjectives with the second component present participle in the text, but it can be noticed that the author uses them more often to describe people.From the point of view of functions, adjectives are used by the author in the novel for a wide range of purposes, among which the most common are description of noun attributes, comparison of nouns and highlight.Let us examine a few examples in detail.Among the examples characterizing the attributes of nouns, the following can be distinguished such examples as cross-legged, dark-haired, gray-eyed, black-and-white, gray-green, blue-and-white, blue-gray, etc. The author frequently uses adjectives to describe objects or people, with a particular emphasis on colour descriptors. However, not all of these adjectives are significant to the narrative.The novel uses a significant number of comparative adjectives, including compound adjectives.For example,upper-middle-class and best-tasting. It is possible to assume that these adjectives are used to emphasize details, as they combine a comparative form and a method of compounding.The use of adjectives that create atmosphere and highlight detail is of great interest.Most of the adjectives used by the author in the novel belong to this group. For example, “scarlet-orange” emphasizes the image of the sunset; “life-or-death” gives the reader an understanding of the difficulty of the situation;“sharp-toothed and -clawed”causes a significant tension; “toothpaste-spotted” helps to make the fiction more realistic; “rose-colored” emphasizes the colour of the flame; “cereal-slurping” and“cartoon-watching” are those of the author; “crab-crawling”adds a more derogatory effect.Thus, the author's use of adjectives in certain cases highlights the details of the work and displays the unique style of the author.2.4 Summary and discussionIn conclusion, it is worth noting that the study of the morphology of adjectives in modern English is an important area of linguistics that sheds light on how adjectives are formed and used in English. Moreover, it is worth noting that the use of adjectives offers a wide range of options, which undoubtedly assists authors in making their text more emotionally evocative and intense. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that Stephen King’s novel “Cujo” utilises a significant number of adjectives, including those created by the author. The text heavily relies on adjectives formed by adding suffix and compound adjectives, often formed by combining an adjective or noun with a past participle. A total of 108 examples were selected. Thirty-four of these examples are adjectives formed by adding a suffix, while thirteen are formed by adding a prefix. Thirteen examples are formed using the comparative form, and fourteen using the superlative form. Sixteen examples are compound adjectives, eight are compound adjectives with present participle, and ten are compound adjectives with past participle. The author frequently uses adjectives formed by adding a suffix, but uses compound adjectives with present participle less frequently. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that adjectives in the text primarily serve an attributive function. This is represented by 67 out of 108 examples. It is not surprising that adjectives generally serve this function. However, it is worth noting that compound adjectives make up the majority of attributive examples, with 26 instances. Seventeen examples represent the least attributive function, which is fulfilled by adjectives in comparative and superlative form. Regarding the predicative function, there are 41 examples, with the majority being adjectives formed using suffixes and prefixes (14 examples). Only eight examples consist of compound adjectives in the predicative function.In the last paragraph of the study, the compound adjectives used by the author in the novel were studied. Ninety-five examples of compound adjectives taken from the novel Cujo are presented in this section. The most common type of compound adjective used by the author is an adjective or a noun as the second component. There are 28 examples. Adjectives with past participles and adjectives with nouns ending in -ed are used almost equally, with 25 and 24 examples respectively. With only 18 examples, compound adjectives with a present participle component are the least common. It is important to note that the author frequently uses compound adjectives consisting of colours to describe the objects in the novel in a subtle manner. These compound adjectives, with the second component being a past participle, are prevalent throughout the novel and are used more frequently to describe objects than people. The text contains several compound adjectives with the second component being a present participle. However, based on the findings of the analysis, it can be concluded that the issue of adjective functioning is a complex one and requires further and more extensive research in the future. Additionally, the formation of adjectives also presents a particular interest in the field of stylistics.CONCLUSIONThe theme of the course paper “Peculiarities of Word Formation of Adjectives in English” is still relevant, since the language of the work of art is individual and when analyzing the literary text, the individual style of the author, the genre of the work and more should be taken into account. New words are constantly being introduced into the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives in contemporary English. This aspect of language requires careful consideration. In spite of multiple researches – the theme is actual, because in different languages word formation is one of the components of the general system of language and one of the most important sources of replenishment of the lexical stock.Adjectives are words that express subtle shades of meaning and are used to stylistically enhance speech, for example through the use of epithets, comparisons, metaphors and hyperbole. Adjectives perform several functions, the most important of which is definition. They can also be used to emphasise certain words or ideas, and are used to make comparisons between two things or ideas. An understanding of the correct use of adjectives in a sentence is important for clear and effective communication and can help writers give vivid details about any object, person or place.The ability to be used attributively and predicatively is one of the criteria for classifying a word as an adjective.The translation of complex adjectives from English into other languages can be a difficult task, and a number of strategies have been proposed as a solution to this problem. The use of dictionaries, language corpora and various methods of vocabulary teaching are all strategies for teaching adjectives. In general, in order to increase vocabulary and produce more accurate and descriptive language, it is important to understand the different ways in which adjectives can be formed.The analysis of the ways of forming adjectives in fiction is of particular interest, since in this aspect not only grammar is studied, but also a special author's style can be traced.The scientific methods that are useful to conduct this work: method of descriptive, contrastive, component analysis, theoretical literature analyses method, quantitative and deductive/inductive method.The aim of the course paper is to identify the role and meaning of the author’s use of adjectives in the novel “Cujo” and it was achieved in the course of investigation.As a result of this scientific research, the tasks such asto define of the concept of an adjective, to study the methods and models of word formation of adjectives, to classify adjectives, to select a group of English adjectives for research and to analyze the use of adjectives in the novel “Cujo” were solved.The research carried out has allowed us to conclude that Stephen King's novel "Cujo" makes use of a significant number of adjectives, including those created by the author himself. The novel makes heavy use of suffixed adjectives and compound adjectives, which are often formed by combining adjectives or nouns with a past participle. Overall, 108 examples were selected. Thirty-four of these examples are adjectives which are formed by the addition of a suffix, while thirteen are adjectives which are formed by the addition of a prefix. There are thirteen examples of comparatives and fourteen examples of superlatives. Sixteen examples are compound adjectives, eight compound adjectives with present participles and ten compound adjectives with past participles. The author makes frequent use of adjectives that are formed by the addition of a suffix, but less frequent use of compound adjectives with a present participle.However, it is apparent that the author uses these adjectives more frequently to describe people. Notice that the author often uses compound adjectives consisting of coloursto subtly describe objects in the novel. These compound adjectives, where the second component is a past participle, are widespread throughout the novel. They are used more often to describe objects than people. There are several compound adjectives in the text. The second component is a present participle. It's clear that the author uses these adjectives more often to describe people.On the basis of the results of the analysis, however, it can be concluded that the question of the compound adjectives is a complex one and will require further and more extensive research in the future. Furthermore, in the field of stylistics, the formation of adjectives is of particular interest.Practical value of this work is that by classifying and statistically identifying the number of most used adjectives in the novel, this will contribute to a better understanding of the culture of another country and will also contribute to enriching the vocabulary of those who study English.REFERENCESАракин,В.Д. История английского языка. 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