The verb system in English grammar based on the book “1984” by writer George Orwell

It is used to measure time and is a fundamental concept in chronometry. The linguistic aspect of the moment of speech is that it is considered not only as a negligible interval of real time, but as the point at which the subject of speech is included in the continuous movement of time. The concept of the moment of speech refers not only to a specific period of time, but to the present of the speaker, as this is closely linked to linguistic time» [Barkhudarov A.S.: 2005; 100 p.]. This study focuses on the concept of the «present tense», in particular the present tense as a form of a verb. The present tense can either indicate a simultaneous situation with the moment of speaking or refer to a repeated period of time that encompasses the moment of speaking. «The present tense can be concrete or repetitive and conveys a wide range of meanings. In the languages analysed, the present tense is both formally and semantically unmarked. It is a morphologically neutral form without inflection. This indifference enables the present tense to serve as a basis for the formation of other verb forms. The verbal present tense integrates the subject of the speech into the physical and temporal level of the speech. It is a «nodal» moment of speech production that determines the actual presence of the subject and the grammatical presence of the predicate» [Arakin V.D.:2009; 56 p.]. The text explains that the present tense can also describe constant properties or attributes of objects that are expressed by means of repetitive actions. It is emphasised that these actions do not necessarily have to take place at the same time as the moment of speaking. The example with the early shadows makes it clear that the verb «reveal» describes a constant property of a phenomenon that has been observed in the past and will also occur in the future. The verb «differ», on the other hand, does not express an action, but merely indicates a relationship between opinions. Furthermore, it is explained that verbs that denote states can also express properties of objects. Thus, the example «People's abilities are different, but their rights and opportunities should be the same» expresses that different abilities exist, but the same rights and opportunities should be guaranteed. The last sentence of the text confirms that the sentence «They sell all kinds of rugs in Sedona» refers to a specific situation, not to a series of individual actions. The verb «sell» means «to sell»[Arakin V.D. 2009; 100 p.].The text explains that the term «extratemporal» does not mean that an action takes place outside of time, but rather that it takes place independently of the flow of time, without being influenced by it. The use of the present indefinite in such sentences indicates that a certain action or attitude is inherent in certain objects or phenomena. It is important to note that not all actions expressed in the present indefinite reflect universal truths, as the speaker can also be mistaken. The text highlights cases of phase verbs where the present indefinite is used to describe actions or events that are determined by a timetable or calendar. «They exchanged an ambiguous glance for a second, and that was all. But even that was a memorable event for a man whose life is spent under a castle of loneliness».«Confession is not betrayal. What you said or didn't say doesn't matter, only the feeling. If I'm forced to fall out of love with you, that would be the real betrayal».«The purpose of repression is repression. The purpose of torture is torture. The purpose of power is power».«No way in the world would you want the pain to get worse. The only thing you want from pain is for it to end. There's nothing worse in life than physical pain. There are no heroes in the face of pain» [George Orwell; 1986; P. 89 - 430]. Additionally, the present indefinite is also used to describe future actions or itineraries. Overall, the text clarifies that the present indefinite expresses the permanence and universality of an action or event and can be used in various contexts. The present indefinite form of the verb has various indirect grammatical meanings. One important type is the performative use of certain verbs such as swear, bet, promise, name, reject, choose and others. These verbs do not necessarily have to perform an action and often only have a performative meaning in a particular context. An example of this is «I advise against this approach». Another group of meanings of the present indefinite form is the presence of a hidden modality such as ability, skill or purpose. In such cases, the author often does not describe what the device or programme regularly does, but what it can do. An example of this is «All computer programmes work in the same way». These different indirect meanings of the present indefinite form expand the possibilities of verbal expressiveness in the German language.The text explains that the Past Perfect tense is used to express an action in the past that happened and ended before another past event or time period specified in the sentence. This tense is more commonly found in stories rather than in dialogue. Unlike in Russian, English differentiates between the simple past and the past perfect. The Past Perfect is mainly used in compound sentences, where the main sentence expresses a past action in the simple past tense, and the subordinate clause expresses a past action that occurred before the main action in the past perfect tense. The Past Perfect can also be used to express a past action in the main clause of a complex sentence or in simple sentences, indicating that the action had ended before a specific past moment or period of time mentioned in the sentence. Examples are given to illustrate the usage of the Past Perfect tense.The text discusses the meaning and use of the present indefinite form in English. It emphasises that present indefinite forms can sometimes convey the meaning of the past or future, which is known as transposition. The term transposition refers to the use of one linguistic form in the function of another form. For example, the present tense can be transposed into the past by using the historical past or narrative prepositions to describe past events. This creates a stylistic effect that enlivens the narrative. Similarly, the present tense can also be transposed into the future to express actions that the subject of the speech is planning. The verb conveys information about an action, an incident, or a state of being, as well as when an action occurs – present, past, future. Speaking about the expression of time by a verb, it is necessary to strictly distinguish between the general concept of time, the lexical designation of time and the grammatical tense itself or grammatical temporality. Parts of speech differ from each other in meaning, form and function, they have different lexical meanings. For example, verbs - these are words denoting processes, and they have grammatical categories of person (who or what performs the action), quantity (how many subjects perform the action), mood (what attitude is expressed by the action), time (when the action occurs), aspect (some subjects who perform the action), time (when the action occurs).), aspect (some subjects who perform the action), mood (what attitude is expressed by the action), time (when the action takes place), aspect (some specific features of the action), voice (whether the subject is acting or being influenced). Parts of speech differ from each other in their syntactic functions. For example, verbs perform the function of a predicate in a sentence.The text suggests that the use of the present tense in English, and this language use this transposition to convey meaning and add depth to the narrative.Language time can be understood in two ways: the development of language over time and the expression of temporal concepts in language. Perfect tenses express actions that happened before a specific moment and often imply a connection with subsequent events. Past Perfect is used to express actions that occurred before another past action or moment.ConclusionsThe study of linguistic literature on the grammatical semantics of the present tense forms in English and French and the analysis of fiction allowed us to draw the following conclusions: The present tense is the most polysemantic form in the languages under study, as it can express actions and relations actual at the moment of speech. Therefore, it can occur not only simultaneously with speech, but also before or after it. The present tense is seen not simply as a point separating past and future, but as a time interval on the timeline, the duration of which depends on the subjective perception of the writer and the context. The basic meaning of the present tense is closely related to the lexico-grammatical semantics of the verb and expresses the nature of action, states, attitudes and attributes. There are two categories that are expressed differently in the analysed languages: lexical type of action and grammatical type, which is expressed by grammatical oppositions (in English, for example, indefinite - perfect, non-perfect). The category of type of action is embedded in the grammar and semantics of the verb, but can change depending on the context. The type of action is expressed in English by the forms indefinite, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous. These tenses indicate not only the relation of the action to the moment of speech, but also its relation to other actions. The form continuous expresses simultaneity of actions, the form perfect-continuous expresses the sequence of actions up to a specified moment of time, and the form perfect expresses productive precedence. The meaning of the perfect-durative form is identical to that of the perfect-continuous form. It is important to note that the categories of form and time do not exist in English as separate grammatical categories, but are expressed together by verb forms.The type of action in a sentence is determined by the semantics of the verb and can change depending on various factors, such as the subject, object, time markers, and circumstances of place and time. In English, the type of action is grammatically expressed through different verb forms, including indefinite, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous tenses. These tenses not only indicate the relationship of the action to the moment of speech but also its relation to other actions in terms of simultaneity, advancement to a specific time, or resultant precedence. The meaning of the perfect-durative form is the same as that of the perfect continuous. Therefore, English tenses should be seen as not only temporal but also as conveying the type of action. It is important to understand that the type of action is context-dependent and not an inherent feature of the verb itself. In recent decades, the view that language is a system of interconnected elements has become established in linguistic research. Based on these studies, the view has prevailed that the realization of units of one level in language is dependent on the realization of units of another level. On the basis of this statement, we can assume that there must be a certain dependency between the semantics of a word and its grammatical form and use, in particular between the semantics of a verb and its grammatical categories.In English, the present tense is one of the two basic tenses, along with the preterite. It is used to describe actions or states that are currently or regularly occurring, as well as to talk about future events. There are different forms of present tense, including simple present, present continuous and present perfect. Understanding the present tense is essential for effective communication in English, as it enables people to accurately describe current situations and make predictions about the future. Correct use of the present tense can also help to write clear, concise texts. In English, there are four forms of present tense: simple present, present continuous, present perfect and present perfect continuous. 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